定语从句是什么?
2023-01-01
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定语从句
如, The girl standing there is my girlfriend
relative clause 关系从句人们习惯称由关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose和关系副词when,where等引导的从句为“定语从句”,认为这种从句的功能同汉语定语相当,只不过英语的定语从句后置,汉语的定语前置罢了.但随着对语言认识的不断深入,人们发现很多这样的从句不能用定语来翻译.让我们先看一例:
1. Kennedy was rushed to a hospital where he died immediately.
若拘泥于“简短的定语从句可译为汉语前置定语”的观点,该句子就可能会被译为:
肯尼迪被急忙送到一家他很快就死的医院.
译文听上去荒谬可笑,仿佛送医院的目的是为了“很快就死”,这显然有悖原意.这里“where”起过渡连接的作用,相当于“and there”,在语义上属另一新层次,绝无修饰,更无限制“怎样的医院”之意.从句中“died”这一动作发生于主句中“was rushed”的动作之后,进一步交待了事情发展的结果.可见,这种结构难用“定语从句”来解释.因此有的语言学家主张将这种句子笼统称为“关系从句”.这种正名有利于我们摆脱“定语”的吏缚,深入分析该类从句形形色色的内在关系.所以,例1应译为:
肯尼迪被急忙送到一家医院,在那里他很快就死了.
让我们再多看几个例子:
2. When he was still a little boy, Jack London wrote some compositions which were praised by his teachers.
杰克·伦敦还是小孩时,他写的一些作文就受到老师的赞赏.
(不宜译为:……他就写受到老师赞扬的作文.)
3. I met the boatman who then took me across the ferry.
我遇到了那位船夫,他将我渡到对岸.
(不宜译为:我遇到那位将我渡到对岸的船夫.)
4. While they were waiting there, a dog from one of the houses down the road began a wild, hoarse howl that continued until a voice called out and hushed him.
他们正在那儿等时,从路边一幢房屋窜出的一条狗开始狂吠不止,直到有人出来喝住,它才停下来.
(不宜译为:……一条狗开始了直到有人出来喝住才停止的狂吠.)
5. In the torchlight,he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkines, our local grocer.
借着电筒的亮光,他看见一个人影,马上认出是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯.
(不宜译为:……他看见马上认出的是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯的影子.)
我们知道,汉语由于缺乏关系代词、关系连词等连接手段,通常只有以时间或逻辑为轴线安排句子,对语序的依赖性极大,如果把后发生的事做前置定语就会显得很好笑,如“送到一家很快就死的医院”“写受老师赞扬的作文”.而英语的连接手段相当丰富,构成信息焦点的中心词后面可马上由关系代词引导从句补充信息,从句中需补充信息的名词后又衍生出二度、三度……从句,但仍能使人感到句子层次清楚.如:
6. The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves that grow on the branches.
遇到这种一个从句扣一个从句的句子,汉语只有以简驭繁:断句.译为:
蛇吃癞蛤蟆,癞蛤蟆吃虫子,虫子吃生长在树枝上的绿叶子.
此外,读者也许注意到了:在1、2、3、4、5例中,抛开关系代词等结构不管,我们可明显察觉英语、汉语的语序同事件发生的时间顺序基本一致,这无疑是翻译转换的极好基础,只需在关系代词处断句,省掉关系代词,必要的话重复一下名词,照原文顺序翻译即可.那么如果主、从句中谓语的动作是持续性的,或时序不清楚又怎么样呢?请看例句:
7. He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.
他是教授,这学期在几所大学兼课.
8. All this time I was living with a young married couple who interested me very much, for they were unlike any people had ever known.
这段时期我一直和一对年轻夫妇同住在一块儿,这对夫妇使我很感兴趣,因为他们同我以前所认识的人都不一样.
以上两例中主句传递了主要信息,从句传递了辅助信息,从另一侧面加以补充描述,或提供某种必要的背景知识,关系代词则起停顿、衔接、过渡的作用,使语义发展顺利进人另一层次,我们似乎察觉不到这些从句跟中心词之间有何限制或修饰关系.
有时关系代词和关系副词还体现了主、从句间的某种逻辑关系,不能简单地视为“代替”某个名词而同时接续从句的词.如:
9. In 1906, however, Pierre, who was crossing a road, was run over and killed. (who… ≈ when he…)
1906年,皮埃尔在横穿马路时被车压死了.
10. Dr. Bethune, who was very tired on his arrival, set to work at once. (who was… ≈ though he was)
白求恩大夫刚到时虽然很累,但他立即便开始工作.
11. We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. (whose eyes… ≈ because its eyes…)
我们知道,由于猫眼能比人眼吸收更多的光线,所以猫在夜里也能看得很清楚.
12. He would be a shortsighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond. (who… ≈ if he…)
(谁如果)只守城堡而不往远处看,(那他)就是目光短浅的指挥官.
13. There was something original, independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. (that… ≈ so that the Plan…)
这方案新领,有独创性,有魄力,(所以)他们都喜欢.
以上五例中,关系代词、副词在特定语境表示了时间、让步、原因、条件、结果等逻辑关系,意义上相当于状语从句,翻译时也当然不能译为定语.另外,12、13两句的汉译中括号里的汉字省掉后意思仍然清楚而且显得更简洁、紧凑,这也是我们在翻译时应该考虑的.
如, The girl standing there is my girlfriend
relative clause 关系从句人们习惯称由关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose和关系副词when,where等引导的从句为“定语从句”,认为这种从句的功能同汉语定语相当,只不过英语的定语从句后置,汉语的定语前置罢了.但随着对语言认识的不断深入,人们发现很多这样的从句不能用定语来翻译.让我们先看一例:
1. Kennedy was rushed to a hospital where he died immediately.
若拘泥于“简短的定语从句可译为汉语前置定语”的观点,该句子就可能会被译为:
肯尼迪被急忙送到一家他很快就死的医院.
译文听上去荒谬可笑,仿佛送医院的目的是为了“很快就死”,这显然有悖原意.这里“where”起过渡连接的作用,相当于“and there”,在语义上属另一新层次,绝无修饰,更无限制“怎样的医院”之意.从句中“died”这一动作发生于主句中“was rushed”的动作之后,进一步交待了事情发展的结果.可见,这种结构难用“定语从句”来解释.因此有的语言学家主张将这种句子笼统称为“关系从句”.这种正名有利于我们摆脱“定语”的吏缚,深入分析该类从句形形色色的内在关系.所以,例1应译为:
肯尼迪被急忙送到一家医院,在那里他很快就死了.
让我们再多看几个例子:
2. When he was still a little boy, Jack London wrote some compositions which were praised by his teachers.
杰克·伦敦还是小孩时,他写的一些作文就受到老师的赞赏.
(不宜译为:……他就写受到老师赞扬的作文.)
3. I met the boatman who then took me across the ferry.
我遇到了那位船夫,他将我渡到对岸.
(不宜译为:我遇到那位将我渡到对岸的船夫.)
4. While they were waiting there, a dog from one of the houses down the road began a wild, hoarse howl that continued until a voice called out and hushed him.
他们正在那儿等时,从路边一幢房屋窜出的一条狗开始狂吠不止,直到有人出来喝住,它才停下来.
(不宜译为:……一条狗开始了直到有人出来喝住才停止的狂吠.)
5. In the torchlight,he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkines, our local grocer.
借着电筒的亮光,他看见一个人影,马上认出是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯.
(不宜译为:……他看见马上认出的是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯的影子.)
我们知道,汉语由于缺乏关系代词、关系连词等连接手段,通常只有以时间或逻辑为轴线安排句子,对语序的依赖性极大,如果把后发生的事做前置定语就会显得很好笑,如“送到一家很快就死的医院”“写受老师赞扬的作文”.而英语的连接手段相当丰富,构成信息焦点的中心词后面可马上由关系代词引导从句补充信息,从句中需补充信息的名词后又衍生出二度、三度……从句,但仍能使人感到句子层次清楚.如:
6. The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves that grow on the branches.
遇到这种一个从句扣一个从句的句子,汉语只有以简驭繁:断句.译为:
蛇吃癞蛤蟆,癞蛤蟆吃虫子,虫子吃生长在树枝上的绿叶子.
此外,读者也许注意到了:在1、2、3、4、5例中,抛开关系代词等结构不管,我们可明显察觉英语、汉语的语序同事件发生的时间顺序基本一致,这无疑是翻译转换的极好基础,只需在关系代词处断句,省掉关系代词,必要的话重复一下名词,照原文顺序翻译即可.那么如果主、从句中谓语的动作是持续性的,或时序不清楚又怎么样呢?请看例句:
7. He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.
他是教授,这学期在几所大学兼课.
8. All this time I was living with a young married couple who interested me very much, for they were unlike any people had ever known.
这段时期我一直和一对年轻夫妇同住在一块儿,这对夫妇使我很感兴趣,因为他们同我以前所认识的人都不一样.
以上两例中主句传递了主要信息,从句传递了辅助信息,从另一侧面加以补充描述,或提供某种必要的背景知识,关系代词则起停顿、衔接、过渡的作用,使语义发展顺利进人另一层次,我们似乎察觉不到这些从句跟中心词之间有何限制或修饰关系.
有时关系代词和关系副词还体现了主、从句间的某种逻辑关系,不能简单地视为“代替”某个名词而同时接续从句的词.如:
9. In 1906, however, Pierre, who was crossing a road, was run over and killed. (who… ≈ when he…)
1906年,皮埃尔在横穿马路时被车压死了.
10. Dr. Bethune, who was very tired on his arrival, set to work at once. (who was… ≈ though he was)
白求恩大夫刚到时虽然很累,但他立即便开始工作.
11. We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. (whose eyes… ≈ because its eyes…)
我们知道,由于猫眼能比人眼吸收更多的光线,所以猫在夜里也能看得很清楚.
12. He would be a shortsighted commander who merely manned his fortress and did not look beyond. (who… ≈ if he…)
(谁如果)只守城堡而不往远处看,(那他)就是目光短浅的指挥官.
13. There was something original, independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. (that… ≈ so that the Plan…)
这方案新领,有独创性,有魄力,(所以)他们都喜欢.
以上五例中,关系代词、副词在特定语境表示了时间、让步、原因、条件、结果等逻辑关系,意义上相当于状语从句,翻译时也当然不能译为定语.另外,12、13两句的汉译中括号里的汉字省掉后意思仍然清楚而且显得更简洁、紧凑,这也是我们在翻译时应该考虑的.
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