英语写作中四种横线具体的用法
英语写作中的四种横线具体如何使用
一、短划线:用在表示范围的两个数字之间
The mean age of the patients was 55 years (range 46–69 years).
Temperature of the room was kept at 25–28℃.
如果用between…and 或者from…to就不能用短划线了。
Temperature of the room was kept between 25 and 28℃.
短划线用得最多的地方应该是在文献列表中表示页码范围的时候。
Ponting CP, Oliver PL and Reik W. Cell 2009; 136:629–641.
二、长划线:这是一个不太常用的标点,表示后面要做进一步的说明
多数情况下是可以用冒号(一个长划线的时候)或逗号(一部分内容前后各有一个长划线的时候)代替的。We have discovered a new function of FOXN1—recruiting melanocytes to deposit melanin into the epithelial cells. (可以用冒号代替)
The new function of FOXN1—recruiting melanocytes to deposit melanin into the epithelial cells—was discovered through our analysis of Foxn1-overexpressing mice. (可以都用逗号代替)
长划线的停顿比逗号要长一些,也就是说如果朗读的话,长划线处停顿的时间要比逗号长一些,所以暗含后面的`内容有一点出乎意料,请读者注意的意思。由此可见一篇文章中长划线不宜过多,而少量使用可以使文章更生动有趣。
三、连接符:这是几种横线中最常用的一种,通常用在下面几种情况:
1、用来连接复合单词的几个部分,比如X-ray, Editor-in-Chief,meta-analysis;或者连接单词和前缀,比如anti-inflammatory, non-coding。
这种用法非常常见,使用起来却没有一定之规。有的单词不同的作者会选择不同的格式,比如说Editor in Chief, noncoding也是常见的写法,而有的单词以一种写法为主,比如X-ray, meta-analysis, anti-inflammatory。有些单词在语言演变的过程中可能从一种写法为主转变成另一种写法为主,比如up-regulate,down-regulate,现在普遍的写法是upregulate (upregulation)和downregulate (downregulation)。 对于这种不同写法并存的单词,我们写作的时候要注意的就是一篇文章中只能用一种写法,前后一致是最重要的。
2、把两到三个词连起来作为形容词来修饰后面的名词,这种情况下连接符是必需的。
Eight-week-old mice were given a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. (注意这里不能说eight-weeks-old)assignment writing service on www.lxws.net
LPS-induced apoptosis of HUVECs was ameliorated by pre-treating the cells with VEGF.
When cells reached confluency, various stimulants were added into the culture medium, followed by a 24-hr incubation.
如果同样的意义不是作为形容词放在名词前面,就不需要连接符。
At the time the experiment started, the mice were eight weeks old.
When cells reached confluency, various stimulants were added into the culture medium, and the cells were further cultured for 24 hours.
用连接符连接在一起的单词一般是两到三个,不适合将一串多个单词用连接符连在一起。
3、在出版物中我们会看到一个单词被断开放到两行时第一行的末尾有一个连接符,但是我们写作的过程中是不需要这样将单词断开的。
四、减号:表示减法或者负数
在数学公式中表示减法时前后各需一个空格。
Tumor growth inhibition rate was calculated as (1 - tumor volume of treated group/tumor volume of control group) 100%.
表示负数时与后面的数字之间没有空格。
The samples were stored at -20℃ till use.
Final concentration of MgCl2 in the buffer was 0.2 g L-1.
拓展阅读:英语短语动词四种类型的用法
同学们认真学习,下面是老师对短语动词的四种类型知识总结。动词与介词、副词等构成的固定短语,叫短语动词。主要有四类:
一、动词+副词
有的一般不跟宾语,如go ahead, fall behind, get up, lie down, go up, run out, give in, stay up等;有的可以跟宾语,如put out, carry out, give up, wake up, check in, eat up, fill in, find out, fix up, hand in, mix up, look up, make out, turn down, work out等。
注意:宾语是名词时,放在副词前面或后面都可以,但若作宾语的是人称代词时,就只能放在动词和副词之间了。如:
We’ve decided to put the meeting off (=put off the meeting) . 我们决定把会议推迟。
We’ve decided to put it off. 我们决定将它推迟。(不说put off it)
二、动词+介词
如ask for, care for, call for, break into, deal with, call on, look for等。后面必须接宾语。如:
I don’t care for tea. 我不喜欢喝茶。
三、动词+副词+介词
如look forward to, put up with, looked up to, go in for, go along with, date back to, look down on, keep up with, add up to, run out of等。如:
She soon caught up with us. 她很快赶上了我们。
四、动词+名词+介词
如take care of, pay attention to, make use of, make contribution to做出贡献等。如:
Take care of your brother while I am away. 我不在的时候,你要照顾好你弟弟。