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Optimism is commonly thought of as being a rather trivial attribute. An optimist is widely thought of as someone who sees the silver lining in every cloud and views the world through rose-tinted spectacles (or a glass that’s always half full).
Pollyanna is their role model and if they just think positively, everything will turn out for the best in this best of all possible worlds. Some of these attitudes can be witnessed in optimists, but with more than 20 years of solid scientific research into the subject, it’s clear that optimism goes much deeper than was previously thought.
There are two main ways to define optimism. Scheier and Carver, for example, define optimism as 'the global generalized tendency to believe that one will generally experience good versus bad outcomes in life.' In everyday language this means 'looking on the bright side of life.' In such a definition, pessimism is the tendency to believe 'if something will go wrong for me, it will'. The other main way to define optimism is to use the concept of 'explanatory style'. This is the approach taken by Professor Martin Seligman, the leader of the Positive Psychology movement and so is the one which is most appropriate for us to outline. Scheier and Carver's optimism questionnaire (LOT-R) is included in the tools, tips and techniques section.
Explanatory optimism
The basis of optimism does not lie in positive phrases or images of victory, but in the way you think about causes.
Martin Seligman
Professor Martin Seligman is author of Learned Optimism and co-author of The Optimistic Child. He argues that each of us has our own ‘explanatory style’, a way of thinking about the causes of things that happen in our lives. We develop our explanatory style during childhood and, unless deliberate steps are taken to change it, it will last for the whole of our life, acting as a prism through which we explain to ourselves why things, good or bad, happen to us.
He argues that there are three central dimensions which we use to interpret events in our lives, these dimensions are permanence, pervasiveness and personalisation. We outline his analysis here but you can also listen to him outline explanatory style in the audio section.
Pollyanna is their role model and if they just think positively, everything will turn out for the best in this best of all possible worlds. Some of these attitudes can be witnessed in optimists, but with more than 20 years of solid scientific research into the subject, it’s clear that optimism goes much deeper than was previously thought.
There are two main ways to define optimism. Scheier and Carver, for example, define optimism as 'the global generalized tendency to believe that one will generally experience good versus bad outcomes in life.' In everyday language this means 'looking on the bright side of life.' In such a definition, pessimism is the tendency to believe 'if something will go wrong for me, it will'. The other main way to define optimism is to use the concept of 'explanatory style'. This is the approach taken by Professor Martin Seligman, the leader of the Positive Psychology movement and so is the one which is most appropriate for us to outline. Scheier and Carver's optimism questionnaire (LOT-R) is included in the tools, tips and techniques section.
Explanatory optimism
The basis of optimism does not lie in positive phrases or images of victory, but in the way you think about causes.
Martin Seligman
Professor Martin Seligman is author of Learned Optimism and co-author of The Optimistic Child. He argues that each of us has our own ‘explanatory style’, a way of thinking about the causes of things that happen in our lives. We develop our explanatory style during childhood and, unless deliberate steps are taken to change it, it will last for the whole of our life, acting as a prism through which we explain to ourselves why things, good or bad, happen to us.
He argues that there are three central dimensions which we use to interpret events in our lives, these dimensions are permanence, pervasiveness and personalisation. We outline his analysis here but you can also listen to him outline explanatory style in the audio section.
参考资料： http://www.centreforconfidence.co.uk/pp/overview.php?p=c2lkPTQmdGlkPTAmaWQ9NTU=
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