Question

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在中国两千多年的封建社会历史的过程中，儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的弦统治地位，对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典，这便是以儒家的“中庸之道”作为行为的基本准则。“中”是儒家追求的理想境界，人生处世要以儒家仁、义、礼、智、信的思想道德观念作为每个人的行为指南，接人待物，举止言谈要考虑温、良、恭、俭、让，以谦虚为荣，以虚心为本，反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此，中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征，这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。

西方国家价值观的形成至少可追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义，即以崇尚个人为中心，宣扬个人主义至上，竭力发展自己表现自我。“谦虚”这一概念在西方文化中的价值是忽略不计的。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事，有才能的强者得到重用，缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此，西方文化体现出个体文化特征，这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。

正因为如此，中西两种文化在对某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如：ambition一词，本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义，表示“野心勃勃”，而英美人则取其褒义，表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词，中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”，而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进，有开拓精神”。

我国的群体性文化，非常重视家庭亲友关系，把它视为组成社会的细胞；而在西方国家，崇尚独立自主自强自立。中国人重视传统的君臣，父子，论资排辈，等级森严，而在英美国家，长辈与晚辈间地位平等，不计较老少界限，多以朋友相处。中国人的传统观念历来崇尚“四世同堂”“合家团圆”，自古就有“父母在，不远游”的良言古训；而在英美国家，18岁的子女仍住在家里依靠父母生活是不可思议的事情，他们必须依靠自己的双手去独立生活。同样，年龄大的父母即使失去了生活自理能力，一般也不会拖累子女，他们往往要住进老人院，由社会关照。

文化的不同带来价值观念的在不相同。如lod一词，中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念，如老祖宗，老爷爷，老先生等。“老张”，“老王”，透着尊敬和亲热，“张老”“王老”更是尊崇有加。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时，年龄越大，资格越老，也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来，长者不仅是智慧的化身，也是威望的象征。然而，西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来，“old”是“不中用”的代名词，是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老，更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中，他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士，更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄，也要别人猜测其年龄，而此时，他们的真正目的的期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小，是多么年轻。又如，英美人忌讳莫深的fat一词，见人说fat会令人沮丧不快而且反感。说到fatmeat（肥肉）多半会被认为是毫无价值的该扔掉的废物。而中国人见了小孩子说“胖嘟嘟”“胖乎乎”，表示对孩子的喜爱，对成年男子说fat有“发福”之义，对成年女子讲fat有“丰满”之义，都有赞美恭维之意。日常生活工作中，也经常听到人们说某种东西是块“肥肉”或某差使是个“肥缺”的话语，言下之意是不可多得的东西或是求之不得的位置。中国人不但不讨厌fat，而且对其赞美有加。

Answer 1

In the process of Chinese two thousand feudalist society many years history, the deepseated string Confucian learning is always being occupied has governed position , society has produced extremely profound but remote effect to China. Chinese depreciates the thought action facing upward all along with oneself conducting self in society classics, this is that "a mean course" with the Confucian School is fundamental behavior criterion. "O.K." be the ideal that the Confucian School runs after, life conducts self in society wanting to be everyone's behavior guide , to meet person waiting for a thing with the Confucian School benevolence , righteousness , gift , wisdom , the thought moral concept believing , one's behavior and conversation should be consider the temperature , good , respectful , thrifty , dodges , takes pride in making modest remarks , takes modesty as, oppose the excessive field showing self showing oneself. Therefore, Chinese culture embodies out the group culture characteristic , this group culture the characteristic is not to allow individual values placing self above of group benefit. The Western countries outlook on values formation may trace back to Renaissance motion at least. The guiding ideology of Renaissance is a humanism , is to take advocating an individual as centre , propagate individualism highest, develop self at full steam showing oneself. "Modest" this one concept is that neglection is irrespective of in value in west culture. That the go-betweens who live are adored is a "strong person" "hero". Have capability , the strong person who has talent to get a reuse, the weak of self-distrust can only fall behind or be sifted out by merciless field. Therefore, west culture embodies out individual culture characteristic , this individual culture the characteristic advocates individual values placing self above of group benefit. It is just because that two Chinese and Western species culture has difference so, on appraising a color to what some individual words with. Such as: One word , self have ambition appraising two kinds import. But Chinese uses whose derogatory sense , expresses "a flight of ambition", then, the English beautiful woman takes whose commendatory , expresses "great ambitions". But Aggressive one word , Chinese are much used for describing a certain person "defiance" "bellicose", American is used to describe a certain person "being eager to make progress making progress , to have a pioneering spirit " then. Group of our country culture, takes family kith and kin relation seriously very much , looks upon it as the cell being composed of society; But depend on the Western countries , advocate to be independent making earnest efforts to stand one's feet and being independent. Chinese monarch and subjects , father and son taking tradition seriously, are arange in order of seniority , rigidly stratified, but in English USA home, the older generation and the younger generation are not fussy about the old and the young boundary on an equal footing, get along with much with the friend. Chinese's traditional ideas always advocates "four generations living together " "whole family reunion ", from the ancient times has "parents right away good word old teaching not traveling faraway "; That the 18-year-old sons or daughters still live in depending on parents to live at home is an inconceivable thing , they must depend on self both hands to get rid of independent life but in English USA home. By the same token, important parents of age has lost an ability to care for themselves even , can not be a burden on a son or daughter in general also, they sometimes want to live in a yard entering an old people , being looked after by society. The culture diversity brings about the values not being same as. If lod one word , Chinese have "Zun to offer old " tradition politely always right away oldly. The "old people" expresses the honorable concept within Chinese, if the ancestor , grandpa , old gentleman wait. "Lao Zhang" ", "Lao Wang ", are be penetrating honour and affectionate, "Old people Zhang" "Old people Wang" also is worship having add. Chinese sometimes with age extremely glorious. And when others talks, age is increasingly big , qualification gets over oldly , gets over also right away honour that can get others. "The ginger is still old burning ". From our point of view, the senior is sapiential incarnation not only, symbol being also prestige. But, extremely exceptional people of the Western countries is ready to capitalize on being advanced in age but calls self " an old ". From their point of view, the "old" is an "useless" pronoun , the import being to prepare "tidal current unsuitable" "being old and good for nothing " joins together. The UK beautiful woman is not fond of others criticizing self oldly , capitalizes on being advanced in age not likely. In west culture, they treat age as most important private matters one wants to hide of individual. Especially the lady, avoids the age that others asks about self as taboo more. Even if being ready to talk about self age, also ask others to make a guess on whose age, but now, that their real purpose expectation other people butters them up it seems that age is small than reality , is what young. If, the English beautiful woman avoids the deep fat of Mo as taboo one word, sees that person says a fat may make peopel dejected slow and antipathetic. As to fatmeat (fat) is most probably to be considered being totally worthless be the good-for-nothing who throws away's turn. But Chinese has seen that the child says "the fat pip-pip " "plump", express being fond of to the child, say fat righteousness of having "putting on weight" to an adultman, the woman says fat righteousness of having "liberality" on all the year , It both eulogizes intention of buttering up. Also often, hearing people criticizing some is piece of "fat" kind from east to west or some assign the utterance being "lucrative post" in daily life job,that intention is exceptional thing or location so rare that it is not to be sought under the word. Chinese not being disgusted with a fat, and eulogize to the person not only having add.

Answer 2

In two thousand years of Chinese history of feudal society in the process of Confucianism has been occupied entrenched string of Chinese social dominance, the influence of the extremely profound. Chinese people always commenting on the classic thoughts as lifted disposition, it is the "mean" by Confucianism as the basic principles. Behavior "In" is the ideal realm, Confucian pursuit of Confucian benevolence disposition to life, righteousness, faith, intellect, and the moral concept as everyone's behavior, to guide, how to consider temperature, good revenue, waste, and are proud of that, with humble, modesty, revealed his performance against excessive. Therefore, Chinese culture reflect the cultural characteristic of the group, this group of cultural characteristics are not allowed in the personal value of the interests of the community.

In western countries the formation of values dates back at least Renaissance movement. The Renaissance humanism guiding ideology, which is to advocate for the center and individualism is trying to develop themselves, and express themselves. "The concept of a modest" in western culture is the value of the neglected. Life is the worship "hero", "the strong man". Have strong ability, can get the lack of confidence and reuse only behind or were eliminated. Therefore, the western culture, the cultural features reflect individual characteristics such as personal value of individual culture in groups interests.

Because of this, both Chinese and western culture in for some words with mixed colours. If ambition: a word, itself has received two meanings. The Chinese nation, with its ambitions, "said." and the people and said, "BaoYi ambition." Aggressive, Chinese used to describe someone "provocative" Aggressive ", while americans to describe someone "enterprising spirit, there."

Our group culture, attaches great importance to the family, friends saw it as consisting of social cell, In western countries, advocating independence ziqiang self-reliance. Chinese officials, the father of traditional value, what hierarchy, and in countries with the younger and equal status between elders, and if you don't mind, with friends. Chinese traditional concept has always advocated "alternative" family "iv reunion, has a" parents, not in words into the "ancient precept, In Britain, children under the age of 18 countries still lives at home on their parents are incredible things, they must rely on our own hands to live independently. Similarly, the old parents even lost self-care skill, general will, they often bloated children living in nursing homes, by the society.

The cultural values of different brought in the same. As a Chinese tradition, lod is "aged" tradition. Respect "Old" in Chinese, such as the concept of showing respect our ancestors, grandpa, signior, etc. "Lao zhang", "wang", the respect and intimacy, "zhang old" material "is exalted. Chinese people tend to honor the older. And when others are talking, the old age, qualifications, will get the respect of others. "Ginger or old spicy". In our opinion, is not only the elders wisdom incarnate, is the symbol of prestige. However, the western countries, very few people would rather claimed "old" YiLaoMaiLao. In their opinion, "old" is "no", and "is not" old useless trend "together. People don't like others and said, not old YiLaoMaiLao. In western culture, they put age as important personal privacy. Especially the lady asked, more irked by their age. Even willing to talk about their age, and also to others, and the age, their true purpose expectations more apparent than real compliments their age, is how young. Another example, foreigners don deep fat a taboo words, man said fat be frustrating unhappy and disgust. Say to the most fatmeat (fat) will be considered worthless should throw rubbish. While Chinese children said, "see", "chubby PanHuHu to children's favorite, said to adult males are" fat "convert said, speak to the adult women" full "fat, have the praise of flattery. In daily life, work and often heard people say that something is a "fat" or a "real gravy train with a word," is something or other suits. Chinese people not hate to praise and fat.