Question

如何在英语写作中做到用词生动，简洁，多样，具

Answer 1

1. 如何做到用词生动
中国同学写作喜欢滥用两个词：is 和make。make sb do sth, 这个结构广泛收到中国学生们的欢迎。
这两个词语的问题在于是静态的， there be 句型也是如此。只有尽可能在英语表达中选用短小有力的动词，比如action verb，才能使文章更有活力。
要尽量避免be/make的系动词形式表达，尽可能选择表示强有力的行为动词，写出生动、简洁、有力、耐读和连贯的文章。
例如，如果你想表达“让某事变得更快”，在考场的紧张心情下可能直接会写出“make it faster”,为了让这个词组更生动地表达，我们可以用动词accelerate(v.加速)来取代make词组。Accelerate就是一个“行为动词”。
举例
1.
His criminal record made him unable to be admitted to the university.
His criminal record disqualified him from being admitted to the university.
原句中用了make sb unable to…这个词组，我们可以用disqualify（使失去资格）一词来取代。
2.
Ecological imbalances is the biggest threat to the survival of wild animals and plants.
Ecological imbalances threaten the survival of wild animals and plants, even human beings.
要表达“某事物是一种威胁”，很多学生会直觉地用汉英直接翻译的思维写出sth is a threat to…, 然而，threat其实可以直接做动词，它使得修改后的句子更加的生动。
在日常写作训练中，我们需要摆脱习惯性思维的束缚，直接以英语来思维和表达，而不是先用汉语思维，再翻译成英语。
想要学习更全面的英文行为动词，来改善你贫乏的写作用词？
关注新俊杰微信公众号 (ID: nextleaders)，在后台直接留言回复“行为动词”和你的电子邮件，我们会发给你action verb list，内含500个托福常用行为动词。
2. 如何做到用词简洁
善用分词短语
例如
他猛然倒在一把椅子上，椅子被压得吱吱作响。
He crashed down on a chair which produced a protesting sound.
He crashed down on a protesting chair.
有的定语从句可以直接简化为一个分词形式作为定语，修饰名词成分。
善用形容词短语
例如
当我的工作很忙时，不得不经常搬家，我女儿只得转学。
My daughter had to change schools when my work schedule was busy and this made it necessary for me to move houses.
My daughter had to change schools when my busy schedule made it necessary for me to move houses.
某些单独的形容词就表示复杂的意思
例如
这份杂志内容有趣，文字浅显，立即受到大家的喜欢。
The magazine is immediately popular as its content is interesting and its language is easy.
The magazine has gained immediate popularity at once as it is interesting and easy.
路面结冰，又很滑，加上能见度很低，因为导致了这场交通事故。
The road was frozen and slippery and one could hardly see clearly, so the road accident was caused.
Icy road and poor visibility led to the accident.
运用单个副词
例如
然而，近年来关于该问题的警告引起了公众的广泛关注，这是可以理解的。
Nevertheless, recent alarms about this problem caused wide public concern. This is understandable.
à Nevertheless, recent alarms about this problem have understandably caused wide public concern.
运用抽象名词
例如
他每天花三小时看体育节目。他把心思都放在体育上，这对他的学习是妨碍的。
He spends nearly 3 hours on watching sports events. The fact that he was completely absorbed in sport interfered with his studies.
He spends nearly 3 hours on watching sports events. His complete absorptioninterfered with his studies.
他有才能，人品好，办事效率高，他肯定会提升的。
He is capable, easygoing and works efficiently. He will surely be promoted.
His aptitude, personality and efficiency guarantee his promotion.
运用介词短语
例如
医生给了她一些治疗感冒的药。
The doctor have her some medicine for her cold.
For 就是治疗的意思，写成give her some medicine for curing her cold 就是不了解介词的意思。
英语中at, with, over, out of 等这些介词在表示感情列致使行为时，往往替代动词。如：I am surprised at the news. / He is pleased with your progress.等
3. 如何做到用词多样
“Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity.”
英语中的意思接近，场合接近的同义词种类非常多，但是汉语的同义词主要集中在形容词上。
中文是意合型语言，不是靠连词，代词等语言手段，而主要是靠句子内在的意思来连接的。这就给句子的表达提出了更高的要求。也就是说句子的意思必须清楚明了，歧视性和模糊性要低，句子才能行文通畅。英语则可以大量变换用词，不会引起歧义。
丰富的词汇变换手段包括——
同义词
例如
I first heard this tale shortly after the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). Later someone told me that the story appeared in a travel magazine.
同义词还可以扩展到结构
例如
One great ignorance about the distant past also makes it difficult to identify great men. For example, no one knows who invented the wheel or discovered he productive use of fire. Little is known about the invention of writing and of numbers.
近义词
近义词和同义词只是程度上有差异而已。有些词孤立起来看完全没有联系。但是在上下文里指的是同一间事。它们就构成了同义关系。
例如
The Second World War in some ways gave birth to less novelty and genius than the First. It was, of course, a greater cataclysm, fought over a wider area, and altered the social and political contour of the world at least as radically as its predecessor.
笼统词
指的是那些范围更大，意思更含糊的词，比如thing, task等。
例如
Perhaps is will suffice to mention the nuclear bomb. Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thingto be constructed.
4 如何做到用词具体
用词具体忌笼统是使文章具体生动的又一方法。
例如
She had straight A’s and scholarship offers from some of the most prestigious universities in the country.
She had straight A’s and scholarship offers from some of Stanford and Cornell.
在第二句话中，“prestigious universities”被具体地改为“斯坦福”与“康耐尔”
在写作时，要有意识的注意具体词的用法，表示人可以具体地用称谓来表达，如babysitter, colonel, teacher, doctor等；表达“说”，除了“say”或者“speak”还有很多表达方式，如exclaim （大声说）、 blurt （脱口而出）、stammer （结结巴巴说）等。

Answer 2

平时多积累同义词，可以买一本近义词词典。

Answer 3

be concise and lively.