雅思作文评分标准介绍
题型要求:作文一中会给出一些视觉性的信息,如一个或多个互相关联的图表、图解或表格,考生需对这些信息或数据进行描述。需要运用学术写作的文体。
评分标准:作文一考察的是考生在图表或表格中选择最重要和最相关的信息(一些次要的信息则可忽略)、并对这些信息进行清晰描述的能力,考官将对考生组织这些信息的能力以及语言使用的准确性进行评分。
字数至少达到150字,否则将会被扣分。
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导语:了解雅思作文评分标准,可以督促考生们写出更优秀的作文。以下是我整理的雅思作文评分标准,供各位参阅,希望对大家有所帮助。
Task One:
1、task achievement
2、coherence and cohesion
3、 Lexical Resource
4、 Grammatical Range and Accuracy
Task Two:
1、 Task Response
2、 Coherence and Cohesion
3、Lexical Resource
4、 Grammatical Range and Accuracy
TA为task achievement针对小作文而言, TR为task response,是对大作文而言的,统称为任务完成,指的是写作的审题,文章布局,论证充分性和观点的深度,数据选择与比较等。CC指的是coherence & cohesion, 写作的统一性,即前后照应和文章的连贯性以及流畅程度。LR指的是lexical resource,词汇的变化和词汇的使用频率。GRA为grammatical range and accuracy, 意指句式的变化和准确使用的程度。这些内容分别对应雅思考试 作文答题纸上的examiner's use only 里的 TA,CC,LR,GRA,TR
不难看出,Task 1和Task 2的评分标准只有第一条(任务完成情况)不同,由于Task 1考查的是图表作文,所以要比Task 2少一项任务,就是不需要有作者的立场(Position)。除此之外,两个任务都需要有具体的内容和合理的结构、良好的连贯性和衔接性、丰富的词汇资源以及语法的多样性和准确性。以下我们来结合Task 2的具体实例分析一下。
1. 任务完成情况task response
主要包括三个方面:内容(content)是否切题,立场(position)是否鲜明并得到有效阐释,结构(structure)是否有逻辑性。
内容如何做到切题,关键在于审题时要找准题目的主题(topic)以及针对该主题所提出的问题(topic questions)。一般来说,主题就是题目中反复出现或主句中充当主语或宾语的名词以及名词短语,而问句则通常就是我们要讨论的要点,如果要点理解有误或漏掉某个要点,则都属于没有切题。譬如:
With the increasing use of mobile phones, less people tend to write letters. Some people believe that writing letters will disappear completely. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
这个题目当中writing letters出现的频率较高,且都在主句中出现,说明它就是我们要找的主题,如果你过多描述mobile phones给我们带来的好处就跑题了。另外,题目的写作任务也很清楚:Do you agree that writing letters will disappear completely? 属于“支持或反对”类的题,必须明确表达你的立场,不能既同意又不同意,同时表达你同意或不同意的理由。
立场要做到鲜明并得到有效阐释需要有如下几个内容:topic sentence(主题句),main ideas(论点),supporting points(论据)。主题句通常放在文章的首段,开门见山地表明你的立场,主题句只能有一个。论点放在中间段的首句,让读者一目了然,论点应该有两个以上,否则论证就不充分;论据包括evidence(证据)、examples(例子)等,放在论点后面,每个论点都应该有论据作支撑,否则就会显得论据不足。
合理的文章结构通常由三大部分组成,即引言(introduction)、主体(body)和结论(conclusion),写4-5段比较合理。Introduction部分要涵盖主题、写作任务和主题句,主体则要包括足够的论点和论据,结论可以重申观点、提出建议或展望未来。在这里需要提醒大家一定要认真审题,许多考生在考试的时候没有看清题目要求,明明题目分析优缺点,有些同学却写成了同意与否的题目,整篇文章走题,如果走题,只能取得5分以下的分数。
2. 连贯与衔接
文章的连贯性主要体现在段落与段落之间,句子与句子之间。
段落之间的“启”、“承”、“转”、“合”可通过表顺序的过渡词完成,譬如:
表示开始:first of all, in the first place, at the very beginning, to begin with, currently, at present, for one thing等。
表示承接:besides, further more, in addition, moreover, what’s more, meanwhile, apart from, as well as, similarly, in the same way等。
表示转折:however, whereas, while, on the contrary, in contrast, on the other hand等。
表示结论:in conclusion, in brief, in short, to sum up, ultimately, overall等。
句子之间的逻辑关系也要通过一些逻辑连词来完成,譬如:
表示原因:because (of ), accordingly, due to, owing to, for this reason, since, as a result, as a consequence等。
表达观点:in my opinion, personally, from my viewpoint, it seems to me, it is clear to me that, as far as I am concerned
举例说明:for example, for instance, as follows, such as, that is to say, namely, just as, in particular等。
表示让步:although, in spite of, despite of, despite the fact that, regardless of等。
建议大家可以在平日的练习中多多使用这些连词造句,不能只认识而不会使用,例如in spite of 和 despite这两个词后面只能跟短语而不能跟句子,这都是同学们在作文中常常犯的错误。
3. 词汇资源lexical resource
词汇的多少并不能决定文章的好坏,但用词的精准性是可以加分的。一般来说词汇的准确表达可以通过两个方面达到,一是在用词的难度上拔高,二是在近义词的多种表达上提升。譬如要描述一个好人,很多同学首先想到的形容词就是good, kind, wise, nice, clever, great, bright等词,而这些词往往很难出彩,因为描述太过于抽象,如果能用到诸如ambitious, tactful, eloquent, charismatic, committed之类的词就很具体了。
当然,这些词需要我们平时的日积月累,不是靠一两天的功夫就可以运用自如的'。还有,值得提醒的是不要认为这些词好就过分堆积,会给考官留下华而不实的感觉,
雅思写作取得高分的关键在于灵活地运用词汇,多使用非常用词汇。因此,在日常学习中,如何区别低分词汇和高分词汇是关键所在。中国考生一般来说可以比较正确的表达出自己的观点,但是对于词汇和句式的使用就有些茫然了,经常会重复使用词汇,句式也只会用简单句。
举一个例子,英语中的‘我认为’有无数种说法,大多数中国考生只会用‘I think’ ,学术写作中的 ‘我认为’不能使用这个词组,I contend, from my point of view, as far as I am concerned, I argue, I assert…这些词汇都是学术英语中表示个人观点的高分词汇。
4. 语法的多样性和准确性 grammatical range and accuracy
句子的好坏主要取决于句子结构的准确性和丰富性,句子的长度和复杂性以及用语的逻辑性和正式性。
句子结构的准确性涉及主谓一致、句子平衡性等问题,比如:The main reason for this use of informal languages are various and complicated. 这个句子不细心的同学很难发现它有问题,因为主语太长有时会忽视真正的主语其实是the main reason,是个单数形式,所以are 应该改为is. 再比如:In my opinion, use mobile phones to send messages is more convenient than write letters.
这是个很典型的错误,很多同学在写作的过程当中会误把动词或动词短语当主语用而造成句子结构的错误,而只有动词的非谓语形式才能在句中充当主语或宾语,因此,此句正确的表达应该是:In my opinion, using mobile phones to send messages is more convenient than writing letters.
句子结构的丰富性也是考官给分的一个亮点,好的段落应该由不同的句式组成,而不应该是千篇一律的句子结构。例如:I have many hobbies. For example, I like movies, I like playing basketball and football, and I like singing and dancing.
很明显,该句完全由“I + do”结构组成且like使用的频率过高,我们不妨做如下修改:I have many hobbies. Movies, for example, are my favorite and I am also fond of playing basketball and football. Sometimes when staying with my friends, I’d prefer singing and dancing rather than any other way of amusement.
句子的长度和难度是很多考生追求的目标,其实并不需要每个句子都写得很长很复杂,相反,如果整篇文章都是长难句,考官也会觉得很厌烦,就像一个人喜欢吃红烧肉,如果你天天给他吃红烧肉,他也会觉得很腻味一样,因此最好的方法就是长短句结合。
如何短句变长:即善用连接词and, but, or, yet, so等。例如:Living off campus is exciting. Living off campus is more independent. I prefer the convenience of living on campus. 不难看出,这是两种对立的观点,因此我们可以将其变为:Living off campus is exciting and more independent, but I prefer the convenience of living on campus.
还有比较重要的一点是不容忽视的,即用语的正式性和严谨性。实际上,在汉语中也有很多这样的例子,比如我们说:“这里人真多啊!”这就是一个典型的口语化的表达方式,而如果用“人山人海”、“车水马龙”、“摩肩接踵”等词来形容人多就是写作语言了。
我们看几个非正式用语的句子:Parents have to get kids food and other stuff. 此句中的kids和stuff就是两个非正式用语,如变成:Parents have to provide children with food and other necessities.就正式了。
再如:People always say competitive sports are totally cool. 此句中的cool以及这个句式都是属于比较口语化的,应该变为:It is always said that competitive sports benefit us in several important ways.
雅思高分作文的写作步骤分析
To become a proficient writer, it is important to understand that writing is a process. Whether you are writing a business letter, sending an email to a friend, or writing an essay for history class, there is a process that, when followed, will make your writing easier to understand and more enjoyable to read. The process of writing is listed below in easy to follow steps。
要想成为一位写作高手,清楚写作步骤是非常重要的。不论你在写一封商务信函,给朋友发电子邮件或是写一篇历史课文章…… 写作都有规律可循,如果遵循这些规律,你写作起来将会更加得心应手,写的内容也会轻松易读。下面列出这些写作步骤:
Steps 步骤
1. Choose a topic. 选题
2. Gather information. 收集信息
3. Record notes that are relevant to your topic. 将与主题相关的内容作好笔记
4. Construct sentences from your notes. 用笔记的内容来构造句子
5. Disregard irrelevant sentences. 除掉无关的句子
6. Arrange sentences in logical order. 按照逻辑顺序排列句子
7. Write sentences in paragraph format. 将句子整理成段落
8. Check for errors and rewrite. 检查错误,重新写一次
9. Check again for errors and rewrite again. 再次检查错误和写一次
10. Turn in or send your document 现在可以上交你的作品了
Let's examine each step more closely and see if we can discard any of the steps。
下面让我们再仔细检查一下这些步骤,看是否可以再剔除一些。
1. Choosing a topic. This step is needed regardless of what type of writing you intend to do. Even if you are just sending an email to a friend, there is a reason for sending the message. This reason is the topic of your email。
选题。无论你打算写什么,这都是一个必备步骤。即使你仅仅是给朋友发一封电子邮件,也必须写得有条有理。这就是邮件的主题。
2. Gather information. In this step you find and collect all the information that you believe you will need to complete the writing you plan to do. In certain types of writing, such as a letter to a friend, this step may take place unconsciously. In other types of writing, such as an essay for a class, this step requires time spent doing research。
收集信息。在这一步骤中,收集到所有你认为完成写作所需要的信息。在一些类型的写作中,如给朋友的书信中,这一步骤通常是下意识中完成的。在其它类型的写作中,如课业文章中,这个步骤需要花时间作研究收集材料。
3. Record notes that are relevant. In this step you should not worry about grammatical structure. The notes you write on your paper are just bits and pieces of information that are relevant to the topic you have chosen to write about. Like the previous step of gathering information, this step happens unconsciously in most instances of informal writing。
将与主题相关的内容作好笔记。做这一步时,可以先不用顾及语法结构。写在纸上的笔记只是你所选择的关于主题的只言片语的信息。就象前面的信息收集过程一样,这个步骤在非正式的写作中不知不觉中就能完成。
4. Construct sentences from your notes. This step requires a little concentration and work. Make sure the sentences are grammatically correct. This is critical, even for informal writing such as email。
用笔记的内容来构造句子。这一步要花些精力集中工作了。要确保写中的句子没有语法问题。这点即使对于非正式的写作如电子邮件,也是必须的。
5. Disregard irrelevant sentences. Make sure the sentences you keep are relevant to the topic you have chosen. Check the tutorial on relevancy for a full explanation。
除掉无关的句子。确保选出的句子都与主题有关。
6. Arrange your sentences in logical order. Remember, every language organizes ideas differently. What is logical in one language is usually not logical in another。
按照逻辑顺序排列句子。谨记每种语言都有不同的组织思维方式。在一种语言中被视为逻辑的顺序到了另一种语言中通常就没有逻辑性了。
7. Write the sentences in paragraph format. See the tutorial on paragraphs for an explanation of paragraph formats。
将句子整理成段落。
8. Check for errors and rewrite. This is commonly known as editing and rewriting. This is one of the most crucial steps in the writing process, which is why I have listed it twice。
检查错误,重新写一次。这其实是大家知道的编辑和重新整理过程。这也是写作步骤中最关键的一步,这也是为什么我们将它列举了两次。
9. Check again for errors and rewrite. This time you may even want to have someone else read what you have written. Sometimes other people will see mistakes that you have overlooked。
再次检查错误和写一次。这一次你可能还需要别人来读一读你所写的内容。有时候其他人往往能看出你所忽略的问题。
10. Turn in or send your document. Once you are certain the piece you have written is free from errors and says what you want it to say, give it to the person for whom it was written。
写作完毕,上交作文。如果你确信所写的作文已经没有错误并且能够表达你想表达的思想,那么就可以上交了。