限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句区别
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句用法区别:
一、 句法功能、表现形式不同
定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句不可缺少先行词,去掉它主句意思往往就不明确了,它与主句之间通常不用逗号分开;非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加说明,去掉它也不会影响主句的意思。如:
Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting? (限制性定语从句)
English is an important subject, which every student should study well. (非限制性定语从句)
二、 先行词不尽相同
限制性定语从句的先行词往往是某一个词,但非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词,也可以是句子的一部分,甚至是整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句一般由which或as引导,as引导非限制性定语从句常用在as is said / known / expected / mentioned / reported / announced等结构中。如:
He has passed the college entrance examination, which makes his parents quite happy.
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
三、 关系词的使用情况有所不同
1. that 不可引导非限制性定语从句。如:
Her father gave her a computer for her birthday,which pleased her a lot.
2. why 不用在非限制性定语从句中,需用for which代替。如:
I told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the party last week.
3. 关系代词替代情况不同
关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom, 但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who代替。如:
This is the girl whom (who) I have been in love with for six years.
The young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to show all his love for.
4. 关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略;非限制性定语从句的所有关系代词均不可省略。如:
She is the new student (whom / who / that) I want to introduce to you.
All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.
四、 下列情形用非限制性定语从句
1. 当“不定数量词 (如some, several) / 数词 + of which / whom”表示“整体 (which / whom)中的一部分”的概念时。如:
We saw many animals in the zoo, some of which are tigers.
There are fifteen new players in our team, two of whom come from Canada.
2. 当先行词为专有名词或被物主代词和指示代词修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。如:
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
Qingdao, where I have been three times, is an attractive city to foreigners.
扩展资料:
非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用,在句子中不充当成分,缺少也不会影响全句的理解,它与主句往往用逗号隔开。
定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间,其前后都需要用逗号隔开。
who引导
Our guide,who was a French Canadian,was an excellent cook.
我们的向导,一个法裔加拿大人,擅长于烹调。
My gardener,who is very pessimistic,says that there will be no apples this year.
我家的园丁非常悲观,他说今年将不结苹果。
whom引导
关系代词whom用于指人,在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语,作介词宾语时,介词可位于句首。
如:Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.
彼得现在回巴黎了,你在伦敦见过他。
Mr Smith,from whom I have learned a lot,is a famous scientist.
史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家,我从他那儿学了许多东西。
whose引导
whose是关系代词who的所有格形式,在从句中作定语。whose通常指人,也可指动物或无生命的事物。
如:The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.
那位父亲是位工程师小男孩学习很努力。
Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.
在树林的高处是山,其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。
The play,whose style is rigidly formal,is typical of the period.
这剧本是那个时期的典型作品,风格拘谨刻板。
which引导
关系代词which在非限制性定语从句,中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句,在从句中作主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。
① which指代主句中的名词,被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。
如:These apple trees,which I planted three years ago,have not borne any fruit.
这些苹果树是我三年前栽的,还没有结过果实。
She is an artist,which I am not.
她是一位艺术家,而我不是。
Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.
水是一种清澈的液体,有许多用途。
The two policemen were completely trusted,which in fact they were.
那两个警察完全受到信任,事实上也确实如此。
② which指代主句中的形容词。
如:She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.
她对孩子们很耐心,她丈夫却很少这样。
She is always careless,which we should not be.
她总是马虎大意,我们可不应该这样。
③ which指代主句中的某个从句。
如:He said that he had never seen her before,which was not true.
他说以前从没见过她,这不是真的。
④ which指代整个主句。
如:In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.
在那么多人面前他有点紧张,这是可以理解的。
He may have acute appendicitis,in which case he will have to be operated on.
他可能得了急性盲肠炎,如果是这样,他就得动手术。
When deeply absorbed in work,which he often was,he would forget all about eating and sleeping.
他经常聚精会神地工作,这时他会废寝忘食。
when引导
关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语,指代主句中表示时间的词语。
如:He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.
他将把郊游推迟到5月1号,那时他将有空。
where引导
副词where在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语,指代主句中表示地点的词语。
如:They went to London,where they lived for six months.
他们去了伦敦,在那儿呆了六个月的时间。
参考资料:百度百科-非限定性定语从句
一、在句中作用不同
限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。
非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。
二、外在表现形式不同
限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
例
1.
Do
you
remember
the
girl
who
taught
us
English?
你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗?
例
2.
Clock
is
a
kind
of
instrument
which
can
tell
people
time.
钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。
例
3.
This
is
the
place
where
he
used
to
live.
这就是他过去居住的地方。
例
4.
Mr.
Zhang,
who
came
to
see
me
yesterday,
is
an
old
friend
of
mine.
张先生昨天来看我,他是我的一位朋友。
例
5.
We
walked
down
the
village
street,
where
they
were
having
market
day.
我们沿着村里的大街向前走去,村民们正在那里赶集。
析:在前三个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系密切,为限制性定语从句,不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系不密切,为非限制性定语从句,可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
三、先行词内容有所不同
大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语,而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句常由
which
引导。
例
1.
A
middle-aged
woman
killed
her
husband,
which
frightened
me
very
much.
一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。
析:由语境可知,令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由
which
引导定语从句。
例
2.
A
five-year-old
boy
can
speak
two
foreign
languages,
which
surprises
all
the
people
present.
一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语,这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。
析:由语境可知,令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由
which
引导非限制性定语从句。
四、关系词的使用情况有所不同
(一)
that
不可用于引导非限制性定语从句
所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句,大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句,但
that
不可。
例
1.
他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物,这使她非常高兴。
误:
He
gave
his
mother
a
color
TV
set
for
her
birthday,
that
pleased
her
a
lot.
正:
He
gave
his
mother
a
color
TV
set
for
her
birthday,
which
pleased
her
a
lot.
例
2.
他没通过这次考试,令我很失望。
误:
He
didn't
pass
the
exam,
that
disappointed
me.
正:
He
didn't
pass
the
exam,
which
disappointed
me.
值得注意的是,不少同学误认为只有
which
才能引导非限制性定语从句,这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时,如果先行词指人,则用
who
,
which
或
whose
引导非限制性定语从句;先行词指物可用
which
引导非限制性定语从句;先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时,可用
when
,
where
引导非限制性定语从句。
例
1.
We'll
graduate
in
July,
when
we
will
be
free.
我们将于七月份毕业,到那时我们就自由了。
例
2.
Last
Sunday
they
reached
Nanjing,
where
a
conference
was
to
be
held.
他们上周日到达南京,有个会议要在那里举行。
(二)关系代词替代情况不同
关系代词
whom
在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用
who
代替
whom
,但
whom
在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用
who
来代替。
例
1.
This
is
the
girl
whom
I
met
in
the
street.
这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。
析:先行词
the
girl
在限制性定语从句中作宾语,可用
who
代替
whom
.
例
2.
A
young
man
had
a
new
girl
friend,
whom
he
wanted
to
impress.
一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友,他想给她留下深刻的印象。
析:先行词
a
new
girl
friend
在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,不可用
who
代替
whom
.
在限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时可用
that
代替
who/
whom
,但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时,不可用
that
代替
who/whom
.
例:她有一个姐姐,她是教师。
误:
She
has
a
sister,
that
is
a
teacher.
正:
She
has
a
sister,
who
is
teacher.
(三)关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去,非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。
例
1.
This
is
the
book
(which/that)
he
lost
yesterday.
这就是他昨天丢的那本书。
析:先行词
the
book
在限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词
which
或
that
可以省略。
例
2.
The
book,
which
he
lost
yesterday,
has
been
found.
他昨天丢了这本书,但现在已找到了。
析:先行词
the
book
在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词
which
不可省。
限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。
非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。
二、外在表现形式不同
限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
例
1.
Do
you
remember
the
girl
who
taught
us
English?
你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗?
例
2.
Clock
is
a
kind
of
instrument
which
can
tell
people
time.
钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。
例
3.
This
is
the
place
where
he
used
to
live.
这就是他过去居住的地方。
例
4.
Mr.
Zhang,
who
came
to
see
me
yesterday,
is
an
old
friend
of
mine.
张先生昨天来看我,他是我的一位朋友。
例
5.
We
walked
down
the
village
street,
where
they
were
having
market
day.
我们沿着村里的大街向前走去,村民们正在那里赶集。
在前三个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系密切,为限制性定语从句,不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系不密切,为非限制性定语从句,可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
若
Do
you
know
the
professor
who
is
speaking
at
the
meeting?
(限制性定语从句)
English
is
an
important
subject,
which
every
student
should
study
well.
(非限制性定语从句)
二、
先行词不尽相同
限制性定语从句的先行词往往是某一个词,但非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词,也可以是句子的一部分,甚至是整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句一般由which或as引导,as引导非限制性定语从句常用在as
is
said
/
known
/
expected
/
mentioned
/
reported
/
announced等结构中。如:
He
has
passed
the
college
entrance
examination,
which
makes
his
parents
quite
happy.
As
is
known
to
everybody,
the
moon
travels
round
the
earth
once
every
month.
三、
关系词的使用情况有所不同
1.
that
不可引导非限制性定语从句。如:
Her
father
gave
her
a
computer
for
her
birthday,which
pleased
her
a
lot.
2.
why
不用在非限制性定语从句中,需用for
which代替。如:
I
told
them
the
reason,
for
which
I
didn't
attend
the
party
last
week.
3.
关系代词替代情况不同
关系代词
whom
在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用
who
代替
whom,
但
whom
在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用
who代替。如:
This
is
the
girl
whom
(who)
I
have
been
in
love
with
for
six
years.
The
young
man
had
a
new
girl
friend,
whom
he
wanted
to
show
all
his
love
for.
4.
关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略;非限制性定语从句的所有关系代词均不可省略。如:
She
is
the
new
student
(whom
/
who
/
that)
I
want
to
introduce
to
you.
All
the
books
there,
which
have
beautiful
pictures
in
them,
were
written
by
him.
四、
下列情形用非限制性定语从句
1.
当“不定数量词
(如some,
several)
/
数词
+
of
which
/
whom”表示“整体
(which
/
whom)中的一部分”的概念时。如:
We
saw
many
animals
in
the
zoo,
some
of
which
are
tigers.
There
are
fifteen
new
players
in
our
team,
two
of
whom
come
from
Canada.
2.
当先行词为专有名词或被物主代词和指示代词修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。如:
My
house,
which
I
bought
last
year,
has
got
a
lovely
garden.
Qingdao,
where
I
have
been
three
times,
is
an
attractive
city
to
foreigners.