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主语从句
一 定义 : 在复合句中起主语作用的从句叫做主语从句。
二 位置: 一般与陈述句基本结构中的主语相同。但多数情况下用it做形式主语,而把主语从句放在主句之后,避免头重脚轻。
三 主语从句的种类
(1) 由连词that引导的主语从句。
例如:That you will win the medal seems unlikely.
你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。
That you are so indifferent bothers me.
你如此冷淡使我很烦恼。
That she survived the accident is a miracle.
她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。
(2) 用连接代词或连接副词if, whether 引导的主语从句。
例如: Which of them escaped from the prison is still a mystery.
他们哪一个是从监狱里逃跑的,仍然是个谜。
When they will come hasn’t been made pubic.
他们什么时候来还不知道。
Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much.
她来不来都无关紧要。
(3) 用关系代词引导的主语从句。
例如:What you need is more practice.
你所需要的是更多的训练。
What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这事。
Whatever we do is to serve the people.
我们无论做什么都是为人民服务。
主语从句可以直接放在主语位置上,也可以用it作形式主语,
而将从句放在句末(尤其是当谓语较短时)。
例如:That light travels in straight lines is known to all.
光沿直线传播,这是众所周知的事。
=It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.
众所周知光沿直线传播。
When the plane is to take off has not been announced .
飞机何时起飞还没有宣布。
= It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.
还没有宣布飞机何时起飞。
当what引导的主语从句表示“…的东西”时,一般不用it作形式主语。
错:It is a book what he wants.
对:What he wants is a book. 他想要的是本书。
如果带主语从句的句子是疑问式,则必须用it作形式主语的结构。
例如:Has it been settled who will be sent to carry out the task ?
谁将被派去执行这项任务决定了吗 ?
四 主语从句常用结构
(1) It is + 名词 + 从句
It is a fact that… 事实是……
It is good news that … ……是好消息
It is a question that … ……是个问题
It is common knowledge that … ……是常识
类似的名词还有:a pity;a wonder;a good thing; no wonder; surprise等。
例如:It is a mystery to me how it all happened.
这一切是怎么发生的是个谜。
It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.
鲸鱼不是鱼,这是常识。
It is no surprise that Bob should have won the game.
鲍勃会赢得这场比赛,这不足为奇。
(2) It is + 形容词 + 从句
It is necessary that … 有必要……
It is clear that … 很清楚……
It is likely that … 很可能……
It is important that … 重要的是……
类似的形容词还有:strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc.
例如:It is obvious that conductors and insulators are both important in industry.
很明显导体和绝缘体在工业中都很重要。
It is doubtful whether she will be able to come.
她是否能来令人怀疑。
It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you .
他拒绝和你说话真是令人惊讶。
It is essential that he should be here by the weekend .
周末之前,他应该到这里是必要的。
It seems obvious that we can not go on like this.
很明显我们不能这样下去了。
(3) It is + 过去分词 + 从句
It is said that … 据说……
It is reported that … 据报道……
It has been proved that … 已证明……
It must be proved that… 必须指出……
类似的过去分词还有:known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out,etc.
例如:It is thought that he is the best player.
大家都认为他是最好的选手。
It is estimated that the vase is 2000 years old.
据估计这个花瓶有2000年的历史。
It is used to be thought that a new star must be due to a collision between two stars. 过去一直认为新星是由于两颗星星之间碰撞产生的。
It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.
还没弄清楚这条路将开始通车。
(4) It + 不及物动词 + 从句
It seems that … 好像是……
It happened that… 碰巧……
It follows that … 由此可见……
It has turned out that … 结果是……
类似的不及物动词还有:seem, appear, occur, follow, happen, turn out, etc.
例如:It turned out that nobody remembered the address.
结果是无人记得那个地址。
It now appears that they are in urgent need of help.
看起来他们急需帮助。
It does not matter if I missed my train, because there is another later.
没有赶上这趟火车没有关系,稍晚还有一趟。
It happened that I saw him yesterday.
碰巧我昨天看见他了。
***** 当“及物动词 + 宾语”较短时,也可用这种结构。
例如:It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was.
让我吃惊的是彼得没有告诉任何人他在哪里。
It does not interest me whether you go or not.
我对你去不去不感兴趣。
***** It +某些固定结构+ 主语从句。
例如:It doesn’t make too much difference (It doesn’t make any difference / It doesn’t alter the situation),whether it rains or not . 下不下雨都没有多大关系。
It does not make any difference whether it rains or not .
下不下雨没什么分别。
It does not make the least difference to me what you do.
对我来说你做什么都无关紧要。
Is it of much consequence to you that Mr. Wang has failed to do it ? 王先生没有做成这件事对你有什么重要影响吗?
宾语从句
1 定义:在复合句中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。
2 种类:
⑴that引导→陈述句(在口语和非正式文体中that可以省略)
例句:①He says (that) he wants to find a good job. 他说他想找一份好工作。
②I tell him (that) I will study hard. 我告诉他我会努力学习。
③The teacher says (that) the sun rises in the east. 老师说太阳从东边升起。
⑵由whether∕if(是否)引导→一般疑问句,选择疑问句,反意疑问句
而且要把疑问句的语序变为陈述句的语序,通常情况下whether与if可以替换,但以下4种情况只能用 whether。
① 与or not(本身无意义)连用→位置:句中;句末(表示“是否”的意思)
例句:我想知道你是否是一位老师。
I want to know whether∕if you are a teacher.
I want to know whether or not you are a teacher.
I want to know whether you are a teacher or not.
② 当宾语从句为了起强调作用而放在句首时,必须用whether引导,从句在主句前时,要用“,”隔开。
例句:我想知道你是否喜欢我。
Whether you like me,I want to know.
③ 当主句的谓语动词是由“动词+介词”构成的短语时,后面必须用whether引导宾语从句。
例句:他们正在谈论明天是否去动物园。
They talking about whether they’ll go to the zoo tomorrow.
④ 当if容易引起歧义时,用whether引导。
例句:请告诉我你是否喜欢它。
Please let me know whether you like it.
if→ 可以引导宾语从句→是否
可以引导状语从句→如果
⑶由特殊疑问句引导的宾语从句→从句为特殊疑问句,而且要把疑问句语序变为陈述句语序
例句:①请告诉我你多大了。
Please tell me how old you are.
②我想知道你叫什么。
I want to know what your name is.
⑷由形容词引导的宾语从句→主句的谓语通常是“系动词+a.”构成的系表结构。
例句:①对不起我迟到了。
I am sorry (that) I am late.
②我很高兴你能帮助我。
I am very glad (that) you can help me.
定语从句:
一:概说
1 定义:在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫做定语从句。
(定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词——即先行词之后)
2 种类;
⑴限定性定语从句:限定性定语从句对说明句子意义来说必不可少,如果省略句子意思不
完整,有时甚至会被歪曲,限定性定语从句不用“,”和句子的其他部
分隔开。
⑵非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句对说明句子意义来说未必必不可少,如果省略
句子意思仍然完整,非限定性定语从句通常用“,”和句子的其他
部分隔开。
例句:①限定性定语从句:正在睡觉的那个男孩是汤姆。
The boy who is sleeping is Tom.
②非限定性定语从句:水,一种清澈透明的液体,很有用途。
Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.
3 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别:
⑴限定性定语从句不能省略,如果省略,句意不完整;
非限定性定语从句可以省略,如果省略,句意仍然完整。
⑵限定性定语从句不用“,”把它和句子的其他部分隔开;
非限定性定语从句用“,”把它和句子的其他部分隔开。
⑶限定性定语从句可以用that引导;
非限定性定语从句 不可以用that引导。
⑷限定性定语从句的关联词有时可以省略(一般做宾语时省略);
非限定性定语从句的关联词不可以省略
⑸限定性定语从句一般只能用来修饰先行词;
非限定性定语从句可以用来修饰先行词,也可以用来修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。
4 关联词:
⑴关系代词(6个):
① who 谁(主语)
② whom 谁(宾语)
③ whose 谁的(定语)
④ which 哪个(主语,宾语)
⑤ that (主语,宾语)
⑥ as 像~(主语,宾语)
⑵关系副词(3个):
① when ~时候
② where 哪里
③ why 为什么
二:用法:
一关系代词的用法
1 who→在定语从句中做主语→用来指人
例句:我喜欢那个来自美国的男孩儿。
I like the boy who is∕comes from America.
2 whom在定语从句中做宾语→用来指人
例句:①我喜欢的那个男孩儿是汤姆。
The boy whom I like is Tom.
②你正在等的那个医生现在在房间里。
The doctor whom you are waiting for is in the room now.
3 whose在定语从句中做定语→用来指人或指物
例句:①我认识那个叫汤姆的男孩儿。
I know the boy whose name is Tom.
②他喜欢那个窗户朝南开的房间。
He likes the room whose windows open to the south.
4 which→在定语从句中做主语或宾语→用来指物
例句:①这是你想要的那本书。
This is the book which you want.
②我喜欢红色的那辆车。
I like the car which is red.
5 that→在定语从句中做主语或宾语→用来指人或指物(可以用who, whom, which替换)
※ 必须用that的7种情况:
⑴先行词是all, everything, nothing, few, little等不定代词时,必须用that引导。
例句:我会告诉你我知道的一切。
I shall tell you everything that I know.
⑵当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时必须用that引导。
例句:①我不会忘记我学过的第一课。
I can’t∕won’t forget the first lesson that I learned.
②他是我见过的最可恨的人。
He is the most hateful person that I’ve seen.
⑶当先行词被all, every, little, few, no等修饰时,必须用that引导。
例句:我喜欢你给我的所有的书。
I like all the books that you gave me.
⑷当先行词被the only(唯一的);the very(恰好,正好);the same(相同的);the last(最后的)等修饰时,必须用that引导。
例句:你是我唯一喜欢的人。
You’re the only person that I like.
⑸当先行词既有人又有物时,必须用that引导。
例句:我不知道他们正在谈论的人和事。
I don’t know those persons and things that they are talking about.
⑹当that用做关系副词,修饰表示时间的名词时,可以代替when来引导。
例句:我不会忘记我第一次见到你的那一天。
I can’t forget the day that∕when I first met you.
⑺当句子中已有who出现时,必须用that引导。
例句:正在唱歌的那个女孩是谁?
Who is the girl what is singing?
6 as→在定语从句中做主语或宾语→用来指人或指物。
such…as… 如此像…,这样的像…,像…一样
the same…as… 相同的…,像…一样
例句:你们正在唱的那样的歌很流行。
Such songs as you’re singing are popular now.
二关系副词的用法
1 when→先行词表示时间
例句:我不能忘记在上海的那些日子。
I can’t forget those days when I was in Shanghai.
2 where→先行词表示地点
比较:where→定语从句中谓语动词为不及物动词时用。
that∕which→定语从句中谓语动词为及物动词时用。
例句:This is the place where I lived(不及物动词) last year.
This is the place which∕that(及物动词) last year.
3 why→先行词只有一个reason(原因)
例句:这就是我喜欢你的原因。
This is the reason why I like you.
一 定义 : 在复合句中起主语作用的从句叫做主语从句。
二 位置: 一般与陈述句基本结构中的主语相同。但多数情况下用it做形式主语,而把主语从句放在主句之后,避免头重脚轻。
三 主语从句的种类
(1) 由连词that引导的主语从句。
例如:That you will win the medal seems unlikely.
你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。
That you are so indifferent bothers me.
你如此冷淡使我很烦恼。
That she survived the accident is a miracle.
她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。
(2) 用连接代词或连接副词if, whether 引导的主语从句。
例如: Which of them escaped from the prison is still a mystery.
他们哪一个是从监狱里逃跑的,仍然是个谜。
When they will come hasn’t been made pubic.
他们什么时候来还不知道。
Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much.
她来不来都无关紧要。
(3) 用关系代词引导的主语从句。
例如:What you need is more practice.
你所需要的是更多的训练。
What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这事。
Whatever we do is to serve the people.
我们无论做什么都是为人民服务。
主语从句可以直接放在主语位置上,也可以用it作形式主语,
而将从句放在句末(尤其是当谓语较短时)。
例如:That light travels in straight lines is known to all.
光沿直线传播,这是众所周知的事。
=It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.
众所周知光沿直线传播。
When the plane is to take off has not been announced .
飞机何时起飞还没有宣布。
= It has not been announced when the plane is to take off.
还没有宣布飞机何时起飞。
当what引导的主语从句表示“…的东西”时,一般不用it作形式主语。
错:It is a book what he wants.
对:What he wants is a book. 他想要的是本书。
如果带主语从句的句子是疑问式,则必须用it作形式主语的结构。
例如:Has it been settled who will be sent to carry out the task ?
谁将被派去执行这项任务决定了吗 ?
四 主语从句常用结构
(1) It is + 名词 + 从句
It is a fact that… 事实是……
It is good news that … ……是好消息
It is a question that … ……是个问题
It is common knowledge that … ……是常识
类似的名词还有:a pity;a wonder;a good thing; no wonder; surprise等。
例如:It is a mystery to me how it all happened.
这一切是怎么发生的是个谜。
It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.
鲸鱼不是鱼,这是常识。
It is no surprise that Bob should have won the game.
鲍勃会赢得这场比赛,这不足为奇。
(2) It is + 形容词 + 从句
It is necessary that … 有必要……
It is clear that … 很清楚……
It is likely that … 很可能……
It is important that … 重要的是……
类似的形容词还有:strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc.
例如:It is obvious that conductors and insulators are both important in industry.
很明显导体和绝缘体在工业中都很重要。
It is doubtful whether she will be able to come.
她是否能来令人怀疑。
It was really astonishing that he refused to talk to you .
他拒绝和你说话真是令人惊讶。
It is essential that he should be here by the weekend .
周末之前,他应该到这里是必要的。
It seems obvious that we can not go on like this.
很明显我们不能这样下去了。
(3) It is + 过去分词 + 从句
It is said that … 据说……
It is reported that … 据报道……
It has been proved that … 已证明……
It must be proved that… 必须指出……
类似的过去分词还有:known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out,etc.
例如:It is thought that he is the best player.
大家都认为他是最好的选手。
It is estimated that the vase is 2000 years old.
据估计这个花瓶有2000年的历史。
It is used to be thought that a new star must be due to a collision between two stars. 过去一直认为新星是由于两颗星星之间碰撞产生的。
It has not been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.
还没弄清楚这条路将开始通车。
(4) It + 不及物动词 + 从句
It seems that … 好像是……
It happened that… 碰巧……
It follows that … 由此可见……
It has turned out that … 结果是……
类似的不及物动词还有:seem, appear, occur, follow, happen, turn out, etc.
例如:It turned out that nobody remembered the address.
结果是无人记得那个地址。
It now appears that they are in urgent need of help.
看起来他们急需帮助。
It does not matter if I missed my train, because there is another later.
没有赶上这趟火车没有关系,稍晚还有一趟。
It happened that I saw him yesterday.
碰巧我昨天看见他了。
***** 当“及物动词 + 宾语”较短时,也可用这种结构。
例如:It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was.
让我吃惊的是彼得没有告诉任何人他在哪里。
It does not interest me whether you go or not.
我对你去不去不感兴趣。
***** It +某些固定结构+ 主语从句。
例如:It doesn’t make too much difference (It doesn’t make any difference / It doesn’t alter the situation),whether it rains or not . 下不下雨都没有多大关系。
It does not make any difference whether it rains or not .
下不下雨没什么分别。
It does not make the least difference to me what you do.
对我来说你做什么都无关紧要。
Is it of much consequence to you that Mr. Wang has failed to do it ? 王先生没有做成这件事对你有什么重要影响吗?
宾语从句
1 定义:在复合句中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。
2 种类:
⑴that引导→陈述句(在口语和非正式文体中that可以省略)
例句:①He says (that) he wants to find a good job. 他说他想找一份好工作。
②I tell him (that) I will study hard. 我告诉他我会努力学习。
③The teacher says (that) the sun rises in the east. 老师说太阳从东边升起。
⑵由whether∕if(是否)引导→一般疑问句,选择疑问句,反意疑问句
而且要把疑问句的语序变为陈述句的语序,通常情况下whether与if可以替换,但以下4种情况只能用 whether。
① 与or not(本身无意义)连用→位置:句中;句末(表示“是否”的意思)
例句:我想知道你是否是一位老师。
I want to know whether∕if you are a teacher.
I want to know whether or not you are a teacher.
I want to know whether you are a teacher or not.
② 当宾语从句为了起强调作用而放在句首时,必须用whether引导,从句在主句前时,要用“,”隔开。
例句:我想知道你是否喜欢我。
Whether you like me,I want to know.
③ 当主句的谓语动词是由“动词+介词”构成的短语时,后面必须用whether引导宾语从句。
例句:他们正在谈论明天是否去动物园。
They talking about whether they’ll go to the zoo tomorrow.
④ 当if容易引起歧义时,用whether引导。
例句:请告诉我你是否喜欢它。
Please let me know whether you like it.
if→ 可以引导宾语从句→是否
可以引导状语从句→如果
⑶由特殊疑问句引导的宾语从句→从句为特殊疑问句,而且要把疑问句语序变为陈述句语序
例句:①请告诉我你多大了。
Please tell me how old you are.
②我想知道你叫什么。
I want to know what your name is.
⑷由形容词引导的宾语从句→主句的谓语通常是“系动词+a.”构成的系表结构。
例句:①对不起我迟到了。
I am sorry (that) I am late.
②我很高兴你能帮助我。
I am very glad (that) you can help me.
定语从句:
一:概说
1 定义:在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫做定语从句。
(定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词——即先行词之后)
2 种类;
⑴限定性定语从句:限定性定语从句对说明句子意义来说必不可少,如果省略句子意思不
完整,有时甚至会被歪曲,限定性定语从句不用“,”和句子的其他部
分隔开。
⑵非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句对说明句子意义来说未必必不可少,如果省略
句子意思仍然完整,非限定性定语从句通常用“,”和句子的其他
部分隔开。
例句:①限定性定语从句:正在睡觉的那个男孩是汤姆。
The boy who is sleeping is Tom.
②非限定性定语从句:水,一种清澈透明的液体,很有用途。
Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.
3 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别:
⑴限定性定语从句不能省略,如果省略,句意不完整;
非限定性定语从句可以省略,如果省略,句意仍然完整。
⑵限定性定语从句不用“,”把它和句子的其他部分隔开;
非限定性定语从句用“,”把它和句子的其他部分隔开。
⑶限定性定语从句可以用that引导;
非限定性定语从句 不可以用that引导。
⑷限定性定语从句的关联词有时可以省略(一般做宾语时省略);
非限定性定语从句的关联词不可以省略
⑸限定性定语从句一般只能用来修饰先行词;
非限定性定语从句可以用来修饰先行词,也可以用来修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。
4 关联词:
⑴关系代词(6个):
① who 谁(主语)
② whom 谁(宾语)
③ whose 谁的(定语)
④ which 哪个(主语,宾语)
⑤ that (主语,宾语)
⑥ as 像~(主语,宾语)
⑵关系副词(3个):
① when ~时候
② where 哪里
③ why 为什么
二:用法:
一关系代词的用法
1 who→在定语从句中做主语→用来指人
例句:我喜欢那个来自美国的男孩儿。
I like the boy who is∕comes from America.
2 whom在定语从句中做宾语→用来指人
例句:①我喜欢的那个男孩儿是汤姆。
The boy whom I like is Tom.
②你正在等的那个医生现在在房间里。
The doctor whom you are waiting for is in the room now.
3 whose在定语从句中做定语→用来指人或指物
例句:①我认识那个叫汤姆的男孩儿。
I know the boy whose name is Tom.
②他喜欢那个窗户朝南开的房间。
He likes the room whose windows open to the south.
4 which→在定语从句中做主语或宾语→用来指物
例句:①这是你想要的那本书。
This is the book which you want.
②我喜欢红色的那辆车。
I like the car which is red.
5 that→在定语从句中做主语或宾语→用来指人或指物(可以用who, whom, which替换)
※ 必须用that的7种情况:
⑴先行词是all, everything, nothing, few, little等不定代词时,必须用that引导。
例句:我会告诉你我知道的一切。
I shall tell you everything that I know.
⑵当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时必须用that引导。
例句:①我不会忘记我学过的第一课。
I can’t∕won’t forget the first lesson that I learned.
②他是我见过的最可恨的人。
He is the most hateful person that I’ve seen.
⑶当先行词被all, every, little, few, no等修饰时,必须用that引导。
例句:我喜欢你给我的所有的书。
I like all the books that you gave me.
⑷当先行词被the only(唯一的);the very(恰好,正好);the same(相同的);the last(最后的)等修饰时,必须用that引导。
例句:你是我唯一喜欢的人。
You’re the only person that I like.
⑸当先行词既有人又有物时,必须用that引导。
例句:我不知道他们正在谈论的人和事。
I don’t know those persons and things that they are talking about.
⑹当that用做关系副词,修饰表示时间的名词时,可以代替when来引导。
例句:我不会忘记我第一次见到你的那一天。
I can’t forget the day that∕when I first met you.
⑺当句子中已有who出现时,必须用that引导。
例句:正在唱歌的那个女孩是谁?
Who is the girl what is singing?
6 as→在定语从句中做主语或宾语→用来指人或指物。
such…as… 如此像…,这样的像…,像…一样
the same…as… 相同的…,像…一样
例句:你们正在唱的那样的歌很流行。
Such songs as you’re singing are popular now.
二关系副词的用法
1 when→先行词表示时间
例句:我不能忘记在上海的那些日子。
I can’t forget those days when I was in Shanghai.
2 where→先行词表示地点
比较:where→定语从句中谓语动词为不及物动词时用。
that∕which→定语从句中谓语动词为及物动词时用。
例句:This is the place where I lived(不及物动词) last year.
This is the place which∕that(及物动词) last year.
3 why→先行词只有一个reason(原因)
例句:这就是我喜欢你的原因。
This is the reason why I like you.
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