定语从句先行词的判断
定语从句先行词的判断方法【1】
先行词是名词或代词,如果名词或代词后面有修饰它们的句子且它们在句中充当某一成分,它们就是先行词.
把先行词还原到从句中,就能判断做什么成份.
如:I will never forget the day when I first went to school.(先行词是day)
从句=I first went to school on the day.
(on the day 在从句中作状语=when)
I will never forget the day that was very special to me.(先行词是day)
从句=The day was very special to me
(the day 在从句中作主语=that/which)
定语从句先行词的判断方法【2】
关于先行词这个问题,你先忘了英语,全部忘掉,我们先来看看中文中的修饰语,道理是完全一样的,只要你明白了中文的修饰语用法,英语自然也就会了.
比如:一个非常漂亮的女孩
我去年逛过的城市
长着一头长发的女孩
我们先来分析:上面三个是什么结构,你一看就知道,是名词结构(或代词),只不过加了一些修饰词做定语修饰主要名词,对吗?
OK,英语定语从句意思搞定:“就是用英文句子来修饰先行词”就更简单的一句话说就是:“定语从句就是形容词”,修饰前面的名词或代词.明白吗?(翻译为………的先行词),不同的是英语定语从句要后置.
一个非常漂亮的…………(女孩)
我去年逛过的…………(城市)
长着一头长发的…………(女孩)
OK翻译:Agirl(名词或代词) who is very beautiful(英语句子做修饰词相当于形容词)
Agirl who is very beautiful
The city(名词) I visited last year=形容词
The city I visited last year
A girl (名词)who has long hair.(形容词).
A girl who has long hair
好了,现在你不需要学习什么英语从句是代词还是副词,什么样的引导词等,现在只有一个理念你要明白,这非常重要,是框架,记住“定语从句就是形容词”紧跟先行词,一定翻译为…………的先行词,这是亘古不变的,打死印在脑海里!
【拓展内容】
定语从句先行词
先行词是被定语从句所修饰的名词、代词。在定语从句中充当一定的部分。之所以称它为先行词,是因为修饰它的定语从句总是放在它之后,先行词总是出现在定语从句之前,而不同于普通形容词修饰名词时,形容词位于名词之前。
定语从句先行词例句
例句:This is the book which I am looking for.
它是我正在寻找的.书。
其中的“the book”是先行词,“which”是引导词。
例句:He is Mr. Robertson who comes from England.
他是来自英国的罗伯森先生。
其中的“Mr. Robertson”是先行词,“who”是引导词。
例句:Was that a singer that sang Xi Yangyang?
那个唱喜洋洋的歌手是谁?
其中的“a singer”是先行词,“that”是引导词。
定语从句先行词关系
先行词
被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。我们可以这样认为,之所以称它为先行词,是因为修饰它的定语从句总是放在它之后,先行词总是出现在定语从句之前,而不同于普通形容词修饰名词时,形容词位于名词之前。
Don’t forgetthe bookthat I told you to bring.(“the book”为先行词)
别忘了把我让你带的书带过来。
关系词
引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。关系词根据其在定语从句中的功能可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,关系副词在定语从句中作状语。
含有定语从句的句子一般分为两层:即主句层(第一层),定语从句层(第二层)。
种类
常见的关系代词
常见的关系副词
定语从句先行词位置
当代词 that 用作先行词后接定语从句时,定语从句通常用关系代词which来引导。如:
We have that which we need. 我们需要的东西都有了。
That which I say and do is my own affair. 我说什么做什么是我自己的事。
The true cost often differs from that which had first been projected. 实际成本经常与最初计划的有所不同。
What is that which you have just stuffed into the plastic cup? 你刚才塞在塑料杯里的是什么东西?
They say the only real knowledge is that which can be measured. 据说唯一真实的知识是可以检验的知识。
但 that which 这一说法相当正式,在现代英语中通常改用 what。如:
That which (=What) many people say is not always true. 很多人说的话并不表示一定是真的。
顺便说一句,that 后可接定语从句,但 this 后习惯上不接定语从句。
定语从句知识点
1.who指人,在从句中做主语
(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about.
注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ( which 在句子中做主语)
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. ( which 在句子中做宾语)
4. that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。
在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。
(5) The people that/who come to visit the city are all here. (在句子中做主语)
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? (在句子中做宾语)
5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替
(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5)Do you like the book whose color is yellow?
=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
在定语从句中those为先行词时,关系词有指人指物的that,指物的which,指人的who。
定语从句先行词是those
That(指物)和those(指人或物)可做定语从句的先行词,this和these不可做先行词,those做定语从句先行词时,当其指物关系词用that/which等,当其指人时,关系词用who等,具体示例如下:
He admired those who looked beautiful.他很喜欢那些看上去很美的人.(指人)
He admired those which looked beautiful.他很喜欢那些看上去很美的东西.(指物)
(错)He admired that who danced well.(that不能指人)
(对)He admired those who danced well.他赞赏跳舞好的人.(those可指人)
如何选择定语从句的引导词
一看指人还是物,二看介词在何处;
三看句中作何用,四看是否属特殊。
现将四句口诀分述如下:
“一看指人还是物”:指人时用who,whom;whose和that既可指人又可指物;which只能指物。that和which在句中作主语或宾语;在非正式文体中,作宾语的whom,which或that可省略。
【高考链接】
The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____ are built close to each other.
A. they B. where C. what D. that
答案:D。
解析:分析句子结构可知,空格处及后面部分为定语从句,先行词small houses为物,故用that引导定语从句,that在定语从句中作主语。
“二看介词在何处”:介词置于从句之首还是置于从句的其他地方,引导词的使用有区别。当介词置于从句之首时,若指人,介词之后只能用whom而不能用who和that;若指物,则只能用which而不能用that。
【经典例析】
试比较以下两句:
1. Do you know the woman with whom I shook hands at the school gate?
2. Do you know the woman whom I shook hands with at the school gate?
第一句中介词with置于定语从句之首,其后的whom不可以替换成who或that,也不能省略;第二句中的引导词whom作介词with的宾语,可替换为who或that,也可省略。
“三看句中作何用”:如何选用定语从句中的引导词,关键是要看引导词在从句中充当什么成分。若作主语,则在who,that或which之中选择;若作定语,则用whose;若作状语,则在when,where,why之中挑选。
【高考链接】
The prize will go to the writer _____ story shows the most imagination.
A. that B. which
C. whose D. what
答案:C。
解析:whose引导定语从句,且在从句中作定语,修饰story;whose story相当于the story of whom。
“四看是否属特殊”:定语从句中引导词的使用还要注意一些特殊情况,如who与that均可指人,which和that均可指物,但这些引导词在具体的语言环境中有区别,不能换用。
【经典例析】
1. This is the first time that I’ve been to the museum, which I have been looking forward to for many years.
当先行词被序数词修饰时,引导词只能用that而不用which。
2. Those who are studying in our school can borrow five books at a time.
为避免重复,先行词为指人的that或those时,引导词用who而不用that。
3. Such magazines as you bought last time are well worth reading.
such ... as,the same ... as属于固定搭配。
最后,我们再用一则歌谣帮助大家巩固关系词在定语从句中的一般用法。
关系词,引定从,它们的用法各不同。
that可作主、宾用,指人指物它都行;
which 通常指物用,主语、宾语它也能;
who和whom指人用,分作主、宾要弄清;
whose一词它真行,修饰人、物都管用;
时间状语应用when,地点状语where行,
要问原因为什么,关系副词why最清;
as一词属特殊,常与such,the same连用,
修饰全句或部分,常常用作主或宾。