【考研英语】2010年考研英语阅读六大题型解题技巧
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根据考试大纲要求和历年真题解析可以看出，考研阅读理解最常考的题型分别有：词汇含义题、主旨标题题、细节事实题、推理判断题、功能举例题、态度倾向题。
接下来我就扣紧这六种题型进行解题技巧的分析，并分别举出近两年的真题进行讲解。
词汇含义题
这是每年的必考题。其实质考查的并不是词汇量，而是考生在上下文语境下解析出词汇含义的能力，因此主要是上下文理解的能力。这种题型不需要全文定位，答案往往就在出题句旁边的三句话内。
我们将上下文的关系进行简单的解析，分成顺接和逆接两类。也就是说，如果这三句话内并没有出现任何的对比和转折，我们可以认为前后内容是一致的，逻辑是连贯的，那么划线部分的词义和前后是相同或相似的关系，它的意思可以通过前后两句得出。
如果中间出现了对比转折词，比如but, however, yet, nevertheless, instead of, in spite of, though, although, in contrast, while, on the contrary等，那么前后的关系就是相反或相对的。
(06-01)In spite of “endless talk of difference”，American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse，and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th——century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere。
21.The word “homogenizing”(Line 1, Paragraph 1) most probably means
[A] identifying [B] associating [C] assimilating [D] monopolizing
这题很典型，可以从两个角度来做题。首先从结构上来看，回到文中，会发现前面有in spite of，说明前后是对比转折的关系。因此，这个词的意思应该是与difference相对，从选项中可以看出只有C表示同化的意思。即使不认识这个词，也能从他的词根sim上看出similar，与difference相反的意思。
另外，这题也可以从词汇角度来做。因为提问的词是一个动词，所以可以从上下文中寻找动词。在后面两句中发现了be absorbed into，中间没有对比转折，说明两者是相同或相似的意思——被吸收。看一下选项，只有C是有同化、吸收的意思，自然就是正确答案。
主旨标题题
这个题型近年来是考查的重点，08年的真题考到了4个题目，同时它也是选项创新中最常实现的题型。它常常考查就是整篇文章或是某段落的主旨，或者要求为文章选一个合适的标题。
它的做法就是要找到文章的要点，而跳过行文中大量的细节。在一篇文章中往往最为重要就是文章的首末段，而在一个段落内往往最为重要的也是段落的首末句，因此这个题型的要点就是重点考查文章首末段的首末句，从中得到中心词以及文章的核心。
(07-03-35)Which of the following is the best title for this text?
[A] The Middle Class on the Alert [B] The Middle Class on the Cliff。
[C] The Middle Class in Conflict [D] The Middle Class in Ruins。
这是标题题，重点考查文章主旨。直接看一下文首末段的首末名来确定答案。从选项可以看出，重点是在讨论中产阶级(middle class)，主题是一致的。
(首段)During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realties. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months。
(末段)From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind。
从首句可以看出主干的核心动词是transform改变。后一句，主体意思表达也是中产阶级将变穷(reduce to newly poor)，因此这其中负面的意味非常明显。
从最后一段的首句，分析出主干后会发现对于中产阶级来说目前的局势完全不是机会，而是挑战，(looks far less like an opportunity, and more like a acceleration of risk)可以看出中产阶级的生活正在发生巨大的变化，处在悬崖边上(on the cliff)，答案为B，其余的答案都太大和太小。
细节事实题
这是考研阅读考试中的重点题型，每年大概都有近一半的题目。主要考查的是对于文章具体细节事实的了解和判断，以及将文章内容和选项本身进行对比分析的能力。因此，这个题型最能体现句子解析能力，同时我们也发现做这个题的时候，词汇固然重要，但从结构上把握句子，有的时候能事半功倍，不完全认识词汇也能把题解决。
(07-01-23) According to Ericsson, good memory
[A] depends on meaningful processing of information。
[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises。
[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors。
[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration。
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome。
这是完全开放的细节题，只能以选项进行一个一个的查找。A选项比较没有特色，我们先看B，里面的两个词intuitive、cognitive不是太熟，但可以发现它们在文中是原词再现的。对比一下，会发现在结构上就不同。文章是the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one，选项是results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises，文章强调的是more的后面cognitive，而选项强调的是rather than的前面intuitive，明显是不同的。
再看C，文章中是memory itself is not genetically determined，选项是is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors，强调的是rather than的前面genetic,这与原文相反，排除。
再看D, 文章是it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. 选项是requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration，文中提到了goals, feedback, concentration三个内容，而选项中只有后两者，信息明显缺失，排除。
再看A，定位到文章后发现文中是And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. 其中的encode与选项中的process是同义转化，答案为A。
推理判断题
本题型考查的是在细节事实的基础上进行推理的能力，要求指出作者想说而实际未明确说出的话。常在题干中出infer, imply, suggest, indicate, learn等词。重点就在于要根据作者的思路来进行推理，而不要主观套上个人自己的经验和想象。同时要注意范围，基本的做法和细节事实差不多，也是定位后进行对比分析。同时会发现包含一定的模糊词汇选项往往是正确选项，因为推理的过程是一个从已知到未知的过程，常常会留有一定的余地。
(07-03-33)It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks。
[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges。
[C] financial problems may bring about political problems。
[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status。
(末段)From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind。
直接定位到最后一段。首先观察选项，发现A，B，C三个都有模糊词汇tend to, may, may是我们重点看的对象，再者可以发现三个选项都极为有规律，都是主谓宾结构，而且A和C的主语一致，都是经济和财政问题，B为中产阶级，三者的宾语也一致，都是政治问题，因此我们以政治问题进行定位，回到最后一段，发现只有最后一句才提到政治问题。因此，我们从一整段的定位缩到一句话。
考察一下最后一句，发现主干的意思就是“政治的fallout开始了，而经济的fallout也不远了”，fallout是难词，跳过，我们发现在讨论经济与政治的关系，直接把B排除，与这句无关。
再看A和C，两者的区别是两个动词，outweigh, bring about。看到最后一句的结构，A开始了，而B也不远，明显这是我们在细节题中提到的因果关系的一种引申。考研英语中因果关系的表达多种多样，这也是其中的一种，因此我们可以认为政治的某个东西与经济的某个东西两者间是因果的关系，再看选项，可以发现A和C中的两个动词，outweigh是超过的意思，排除，bring about意为带来，是一种因果关系，与原句契合，再看一下D，发现它毫不相关，因此答案为C。
功能举例题
这几乎可以说是考研专属的题型，四级和六级从来不会考到，因此同学在备考的时候要引起足够的重视，每年都稳定在3个题目左右。它的核心在于考查文中提出到某个例子是何作用和功能。在题干中常常会看这样的词汇：提到，mention, note, cite, 例子，example, case,作用，demonstrate, illustrate, justify, argue, make the point, talk about等。
这个题型的重点在知道功能和作用是源于例子，高于例子，例子本身的内容并不重要，因此，例子内部的细节如果在选项中出现，往往是我们首先排除的选项，重要的是要找到这个例子的点题句，答案往往就是它或是它的同义转化。
(07-01-21)The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to
[A] stress the importance of professional training。
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup。
[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance。
[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others。
Mention表明这是功能题。定位就是以soccer，birthday这个词进行定位。因为是第一题，肯定是在前面。
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced。
What might account for this strange phenomenon？ Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above。
可以看出，文章的整个第一段都是在讨论有关足球的事情。说明这一整段都是例子本身，都不是要我们关注的内容。
对比一下选项，可以发现，A，B，D中都是第一段细节的重现，professional training, World Cup, soccer等都是细节，直接排除，得到答案C。
态度倾向题
这是个小题型，每年都是一题或是不考，但备考过程中也需要准备。它考查就是作者或是文章中的人物对于主题或某事物的态度和倾向，因此，寻找能表明态度的感情色彩词是最为重要的。如果是个全文的态度题，那么我们需要考查的就是全文各段的段首，感情色彩词往往是以动词、形容词和副词居多。
(07-02-30)What is the author’s attitude towards IQ test?
[A] Supportive [B] Skeptical [C] Impartial [D] Biased
这是全文态度题，查看各段首句，重点查找感情色彩词。
第一段是引入话题，可以跳过。
第二段首句：Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. 可以看出作者并不是完全赞同IQ测试，clearly这个词明显表明了作者的态度，排除A。
第三段的首句：The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. 说明作者认为测试手段还是会用到IQ。
第四段话锋一转，such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg。其中主干谓语是may not assess all, 直接就表明作者认为这种测试并不是万能的，对其测试结果有一定的怀疑。C和D与原文不符，所以答案为B。
接下来我就扣紧这六种题型进行解题技巧的分析，并分别举出近两年的真题进行讲解。
词汇含义题
这是每年的必考题。其实质考查的并不是词汇量，而是考生在上下文语境下解析出词汇含义的能力，因此主要是上下文理解的能力。这种题型不需要全文定位，答案往往就在出题句旁边的三句话内。
我们将上下文的关系进行简单的解析，分成顺接和逆接两类。也就是说，如果这三句话内并没有出现任何的对比和转折，我们可以认为前后内容是一致的，逻辑是连贯的，那么划线部分的词义和前后是相同或相似的关系，它的意思可以通过前后两句得出。
如果中间出现了对比转折词，比如but, however, yet, nevertheless, instead of, in spite of, though, although, in contrast, while, on the contrary等，那么前后的关系就是相反或相对的。
(06-01)In spite of “endless talk of difference”，American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse，and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th——century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere。
21.The word “homogenizing”(Line 1, Paragraph 1) most probably means
[A] identifying [B] associating [C] assimilating [D] monopolizing
这题很典型，可以从两个角度来做题。首先从结构上来看，回到文中，会发现前面有in spite of，说明前后是对比转折的关系。因此，这个词的意思应该是与difference相对，从选项中可以看出只有C表示同化的意思。即使不认识这个词，也能从他的词根sim上看出similar，与difference相反的意思。
另外，这题也可以从词汇角度来做。因为提问的词是一个动词，所以可以从上下文中寻找动词。在后面两句中发现了be absorbed into，中间没有对比转折，说明两者是相同或相似的意思——被吸收。看一下选项，只有C是有同化、吸收的意思，自然就是正确答案。
主旨标题题
这个题型近年来是考查的重点，08年的真题考到了4个题目，同时它也是选项创新中最常实现的题型。它常常考查就是整篇文章或是某段落的主旨，或者要求为文章选一个合适的标题。
它的做法就是要找到文章的要点，而跳过行文中大量的细节。在一篇文章中往往最为重要就是文章的首末段，而在一个段落内往往最为重要的也是段落的首末句，因此这个题型的要点就是重点考查文章首末段的首末句，从中得到中心词以及文章的核心。
(07-03-35)Which of the following is the best title for this text?
[A] The Middle Class on the Alert [B] The Middle Class on the Cliff。
[C] The Middle Class in Conflict [D] The Middle Class in Ruins。
这是标题题，重点考查文章主旨。直接看一下文首末段的首末名来确定答案。从选项可以看出，重点是在讨论中产阶级(middle class)，主题是一致的。
(首段)During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realties. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months。
(末段)From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind。
从首句可以看出主干的核心动词是transform改变。后一句，主体意思表达也是中产阶级将变穷(reduce to newly poor)，因此这其中负面的意味非常明显。
从最后一段的首句，分析出主干后会发现对于中产阶级来说目前的局势完全不是机会，而是挑战，(looks far less like an opportunity, and more like a acceleration of risk)可以看出中产阶级的生活正在发生巨大的变化，处在悬崖边上(on the cliff)，答案为B，其余的答案都太大和太小。
细节事实题
这是考研阅读考试中的重点题型，每年大概都有近一半的题目。主要考查的是对于文章具体细节事实的了解和判断，以及将文章内容和选项本身进行对比分析的能力。因此，这个题型最能体现句子解析能力，同时我们也发现做这个题的时候，词汇固然重要，但从结构上把握句子，有的时候能事半功倍，不完全认识词汇也能把题解决。
(07-01-23) According to Ericsson, good memory
[A] depends on meaningful processing of information。
[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises。
[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors。
[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration。
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome。
这是完全开放的细节题，只能以选项进行一个一个的查找。A选项比较没有特色，我们先看B，里面的两个词intuitive、cognitive不是太熟，但可以发现它们在文中是原词再现的。对比一下，会发现在结构上就不同。文章是the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one，选项是results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises，文章强调的是more的后面cognitive，而选项强调的是rather than的前面intuitive，明显是不同的。
再看C，文章中是memory itself is not genetically determined，选项是is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors，强调的是rather than的前面genetic,这与原文相反，排除。
再看D, 文章是it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. 选项是requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration，文中提到了goals, feedback, concentration三个内容，而选项中只有后两者，信息明显缺失，排除。
再看A，定位到文章后发现文中是And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. 其中的encode与选项中的process是同义转化，答案为A。
推理判断题
本题型考查的是在细节事实的基础上进行推理的能力，要求指出作者想说而实际未明确说出的话。常在题干中出infer, imply, suggest, indicate, learn等词。重点就在于要根据作者的思路来进行推理，而不要主观套上个人自己的经验和想象。同时要注意范围，基本的做法和细节事实差不多，也是定位后进行对比分析。同时会发现包含一定的模糊词汇选项往往是正确选项，因为推理的过程是一个从已知到未知的过程，常常会留有一定的余地。
(07-03-33)It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks。
[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges。
[C] financial problems may bring about political problems。
[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status。
(末段)From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind。
直接定位到最后一段。首先观察选项，发现A，B，C三个都有模糊词汇tend to, may, may是我们重点看的对象，再者可以发现三个选项都极为有规律，都是主谓宾结构，而且A和C的主语一致，都是经济和财政问题，B为中产阶级，三者的宾语也一致，都是政治问题，因此我们以政治问题进行定位，回到最后一段，发现只有最后一句才提到政治问题。因此，我们从一整段的定位缩到一句话。
考察一下最后一句，发现主干的意思就是“政治的fallout开始了，而经济的fallout也不远了”，fallout是难词，跳过，我们发现在讨论经济与政治的关系，直接把B排除，与这句无关。
再看A和C，两者的区别是两个动词，outweigh, bring about。看到最后一句的结构，A开始了，而B也不远，明显这是我们在细节题中提到的因果关系的一种引申。考研英语中因果关系的表达多种多样，这也是其中的一种，因此我们可以认为政治的某个东西与经济的某个东西两者间是因果的关系，再看选项，可以发现A和C中的两个动词，outweigh是超过的意思，排除，bring about意为带来，是一种因果关系，与原句契合，再看一下D，发现它毫不相关，因此答案为C。
功能举例题
这几乎可以说是考研专属的题型，四级和六级从来不会考到，因此同学在备考的时候要引起足够的重视，每年都稳定在3个题目左右。它的核心在于考查文中提出到某个例子是何作用和功能。在题干中常常会看这样的词汇：提到，mention, note, cite, 例子，example, case,作用，demonstrate, illustrate, justify, argue, make the point, talk about等。
这个题型的重点在知道功能和作用是源于例子，高于例子，例子本身的内容并不重要，因此，例子内部的细节如果在选项中出现，往往是我们首先排除的选项，重要的是要找到这个例子的点题句，答案往往就是它或是它的同义转化。
(07-01-21)The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to
[A] stress the importance of professional training。
[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup。
[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance。
[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others。
Mention表明这是功能题。定位就是以soccer，birthday这个词进行定位。因为是第一题，肯定是在前面。
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced。
What might account for this strange phenomenon？ Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above。
可以看出，文章的整个第一段都是在讨论有关足球的事情。说明这一整段都是例子本身，都不是要我们关注的内容。
对比一下选项，可以发现，A，B，D中都是第一段细节的重现，professional training, World Cup, soccer等都是细节，直接排除，得到答案C。
态度倾向题
这是个小题型，每年都是一题或是不考，但备考过程中也需要准备。它考查就是作者或是文章中的人物对于主题或某事物的态度和倾向，因此，寻找能表明态度的感情色彩词是最为重要的。如果是个全文的态度题，那么我们需要考查的就是全文各段的段首，感情色彩词往往是以动词、形容词和副词居多。
(07-02-30)What is the author’s attitude towards IQ test?
[A] Supportive [B] Skeptical [C] Impartial [D] Biased
这是全文态度题，查看各段首句，重点查找感情色彩词。
第一段是引入话题，可以跳过。
第二段首句：Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. 可以看出作者并不是完全赞同IQ测试，clearly这个词明显表明了作者的态度，排除A。
第三段的首句：The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. 说明作者认为测试手段还是会用到IQ。
第四段话锋一转，such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg。其中主干谓语是may not assess all, 直接就表明作者认为这种测试并不是万能的，对其测试结果有一定的怀疑。C和D与原文不符，所以答案为B。
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