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Attributive Clause(定语从句)
江苏如东岔河中学 缪晓红(整理)
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
一、 弄清关系代词所指及其在定语从句中所充当的句子成分。
系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1. 先行词指物时，用关系代词that／which在从句中作主语或宾语。
如：He bought a coat that／which cost little．
他买了一件便宜上衣。（作主语）
The car which ／ that he bought yesterday is a secondhand one．
他昨天买的车是个二手货。（作宾语）
2. 先行词指人时，用关系代词that／who在从句中作主语或宾语（在口语中，代替whom）。
如：The man who ／ that gave a speech on TV is the president．
昨天在电视上演讲的人是总统。（作主语）
This is the strange man that／who／whom I met yesterday．
这就是我昨天碰到的那个怪人。（作宾语）
3.whose在从句中作定语，既可指人，作“某（些）人的”解；也可指物，作“某（些）物的”解。
如：This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake．
这就是在那次大地震中失去双亲的那个小姑娘。
We live in a house whose windows open to the south．
我们居住在一所窗户朝南的房子里。
理清上述关系还能帮助我们判断定语从句谓语动词的单复数。
又如：He is one of the students who work hard．
他是学习努力的学生之一。（who指先行词the students）
He is the only one of the students who goes abroad． 他是学生中唯一出国的。（who指先行词the only one）
二、记清多用关系代词that的几种情况。
1.先行词为all， everything， nothing， something， anything， little， few， much等不定代词时。
如：There is little that I can use．
几乎没有什么我能用的了。
2.先行词被all， each， few， much， every， no， some， any等不定代词修饰时。
如：All the books that you need are here．
你所需要的书都在这儿。
3.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
如：This is the first composition that he has written in English．
这是他用英语写的第一篇作文。
4.先行词既有人又有物时。
如：He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited．
他谈到了他曾拜访过的老师和学校。
5.主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时。
如：Who is the man that is speaking over there？
在那里说话的人是谁？
6.先行词被the only，the very， the last等修饰时。
如：This is the very gun that I am looking for．
这正是我在找的枪。
7.关系代词在从句中作表语时。
如：He is not the young man that he was thirty years ago．
他已不是三十年前的那个年轻人了。
关系副词where, when和why
同学们对定语从句已经有了初步的认识。我们已学了关系代词who， whom， whose， which和that的用法，这里就说说关系副词where， when和why引导定语从句时的语义特点和用法特点。
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
一、 副词where引导的定语从句
1. 当先行词是表示地点的名词，如place， room， mountain， airport等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词where引导。
例如：The two lost boys happened to come into a cave where they discovered some very valuable prehistorical rock paintings by chance．
那两个迷路的男孩碰巧进入了一个山洞，在那里他们意外地发现了一些非常有价值的史前岩画。
在上述例句中，where代表in the cave，作地点状语。
2. 通常，引导定语从句的where大都可以转换成“介词＋which”的形式。例如：The American soldiers rushed into the President Mansion where ／ in which they found those gold bars．美国士兵冲进总统官邸，在那里他们发现了那些金条。
3.当表示地点的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，而不是用where。
试比较：
The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that ／ which) people all over the world look forward to visiting．
长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。
The Yangtze River is our mother river where the Chinese people have created the brilliant Chinese civilization．
长江是我们的母亲河，中华民族在那里创造了灿烂的华夏文明。
在第一句的定语从句中，visiting是一个及物动词，必须带宾语，而关系副词where不能作宾语，所以只能用which或that引导，而且二者可以省略；在第二句的定语从句中，不缺主语、宾语、表语，所以用where作状语。
二、 系副词when引导的定语从句
1.当先行词是表示时间的名词，如time， day， year， month， week等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词when引导。
例如：Galileo lived at a time when the human spirit was waking after a thousand years of sleep．
伽利略生活的时代是人类灵魂经过了千年沉睡之后正在苏醒的时代。
2.与where一样，引导定语从句的when也可以转换成“介词＋which”的形式。
例如： All the Chinese， at home and abroad， will forever remember the date when ／ on which the Red Five-star Flag was raised in Hong Kong．
海内外的所有华人都不会忘记五星红旗在香港的土地上升起时的日子。
3.当先行词为the time， the moment， the day， the minute等时，关系副词when可以省略，也可以用that引导。
例如：The moment (that ／ when) I turned round， she had left and disappeared in the crowd．
当我转过身来时，她已经离开并消失在人群中了。
Do you still remember the day we got to know each other？
你还记得我们彼此相识的那一天吗？
这时的定语从句（省略了when或that），实际上已经是一个时间状语从句了。
4.当表示时间的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，而不是用when。
例如： The film reminded me of those miserable days (that ／ which) I spent in my childhood．
这部电影使我想起了我童年时代度过的那些苦难日子。
三、 关系副词why引导的定语从句
1.当先行词是表示原因的名词reason时，定语从句需要用关系副词why引导，此时的定语从句说明先行词的内容。
例如：Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine？
你知道蒸汽机中存在热损耗的原因吗？
2.我们也可以用for which来替代why。
例如：The reason why ／ for which you failed， I think， was that you had turned a deaf ear to your mother’s advice．
我认为你失败的原因是你不听你母亲的忠告。
注意：在“the reason why sb． does sth． is that�从句”的结构中，that不能换成because。
定语从句错误分析
初学定语从句时，同学们易犯的错误归纳起来有语义重复、主谓不一致及引导词的误用等。同学们可以先试着找出下列这些句子中的错误并加以改正，然后参阅题后的分析。
1． The woman which was interviewed on CCTV last night was the late US President Nixon’s daughter．
分析 定语从句的引导词有两大类：一类是关系代词，包括that, which, who, whom和whose。当先行词是指人的名词或代词时，要用who, whom或whose来引导定语从句，并且，它们分别在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语；当先行词是指事物的名词或代词时，要用which来引导定语从句；而that既可以指人，又可以指物。另一类是关系副词，常用的有where（表地点），when（表时间）及why（表原因）。本例中的先行词指人，所以应把which改成who或that。
2． The main topic people are often talking about it at present is the construction of the Yangtze Three Gorges Dam．
分析 the main topic是先行词，people are ．．． about it at present是定语从句，其中关系代词that或which在句中作介词about的宾语，被省略了。所以it是重复的成分，应该去掉。初学者很容易犯语意重复的错误，应当十分注意。
3． God bless this ship and all that sails in her！
分析 当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词应与先行词的数保持一致。本例先行词是一个表复数概念的代词all，所以定语从句的谓语动词sails应该用复数，即sail。句意是：上帝保佑这条船和所有乘船的人吧！关于主谓一致，有一个特例值得注意。见第4例。
4． Franklin D． Roosevelt was the only one of the US presidents that were in office for 4 terms．
分析 当先行词是“the only one of the＋复数名词”时，定语从句的谓语动词要与one保持一致，用单数�当先行词是“one of the ＋复数名词”时，定语从句的谓语动词要与复数名词保持一致，用复数。
例如：The Great Wall is one of the man-made constructions that have been seen from space．
5． The speed at that the rocket can escape from the earth is 11.2 kilometers per second．
分析 当介词提前时，不能用关系代词that或who引导定语从句，而应该用which或whom。这儿的先行词speed是表事物的名词，所以应该把that改成which，而且不能省略（因为直接在介词后）。句意是：火箭的逃逸速度是每秒11.2公里。
6． This is a new type of airplane, which parts are all made at home．
分析 不管先行词是指人还是物，关系代词在从句中作定语时，都必须用whose；但是指物时，还可以用“the ＋名词＋of which”的形式表示。故本例可改成：This is a new type of airplane, whose parts are all made at home．或者This is a new type of airplane, the parts of which are all made at home．
7． Anything which exists in the universe has its two sides．
分析 当先行词是表事物的不定代词，如all,everything,anything．．．时,关系代词要用that，而不用which，故本句要把关系代词which 改为that。
8． Whatever Saddam did couldn’t change US mind to attack Iraq, that we had expected．
分析 that 不能用来引导非限定性定语从句。本定语从句的先行词是一个先行句，即前面整个句子，所以本从句中的关系代词that必须改为which。当然也可以用when, where, who（m）等引导非限定性定语从句，而且不可省略，whom也不能用who代替。
例如：Mr. Robert, whom I’ll invite to my new house, is a famous lawyer of our city．
9.Recently I have been reading a good book, it was about the relationship between man and nature．
分析 该句中前后两句之间为逗号，且无连接词，故后一句应是一个非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词book,所以it应改为which。
定语从句是历年高考试题的考查热点之一，下面就定语从句应特别注意的几个问题加以举例分析：
Ⅰ．关系代词which
例1． The Greens will move into the new house next Monday, ＿＿＿＿＿it will be completely finished．
A． by the time B． by which time
C． that D． which
例2． Water boils at 100℃, ＿＿＿＿＿it changes to gas．
A． at which temperature B． at which
C． by which temperature D． by which
析：which 引导定语从句时，在从句中除了作主语或宾语外，还可以作定语修饰名词，常用于“介词＋which＋名词”结构中，相当于“and＋介词＋this／that＋名词”。所以例1选B；例2选A。
Ⅱ．关系副词when
例1． Could you suggest a time ＿＿＿＿＿it would fit you to visit us and try out the machine？
例2． Think of a time ＿＿＿＿＿you were happiest．(Senior3,L93)
例3． There was a time ＿＿＿＿＿all scientists were willing to share their results．（Senior3,L3）
A． that B． when C． which D． where
析：当先行词为a time(一段时间)时，引导定语从句的关系词常用when，而不采用that，故以上例题均选B。在我们课本中类似的句子还有：①This was at a time when there was no radio, TV or cinema．(Senior2,L70) ②It’s about a time when there were black slaves in North America．(Senior1,L53)
Ⅲ．关系代词but
例：There is no one ＿＿＿＿＿wishes peace．
A． who B． but C． that D． whom
析：本题句意为“没有人不希望和平。”but作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。but相当于who ／ that don’t ／ doesn’t，but本身含有否定意义。故本题选B。
Ⅳ．定语从句与强调句及其他从句的混合
例1． It was in the small house ＿＿＿＿was built with stones by his father ＿＿＿＿he spent his childhood．
A． which that B． that where
C． which which D． where that
析：分析句子结构可知，本句的主句为强调句型，第一空应由关系代词引导定语从句修饰先行词house。故本题选A。
例2． The meeting was put off, ＿＿＿＿was exactly ＿＿＿＿we wanted．
A． which�which B． as� that
C． which�what D． it� that
析：由题意可知，第一空应由关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，第二空应由what引导表语从句。故本题选C。
练习： 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1.Don’t call between 12 o’clock and 1 o’clock, ＿＿＿＿＿I am usually having lunch．
A． at which B． during which time
C． by which time D． by which
2. The song is so popular ＿＿＿＿＿ there is no one in our class ＿＿＿＿＿likes it．
A． that who B． that but
C． which who D． which but
3.It is such a good place ＿＿＿＿＿ everybody wants to visit ＿＿＿＿ it is well-known all over the world．
A． which� that B． as� as C． as� that D． that� as
4． We are living in an age ＿＿＿＿many things are done on computer．(北京2003春) A．which B．that C．whose D．when
Key:1－4BBCD
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句和主句之间常用逗号隔开，它与主句的关系不十分密切，只对先行词作补充或附加说明，如省略，也不影响主句意思的表达。如：Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses．上述例子作如下改动，句子意思仍然完整： Water has many uses．
一、 关于引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，须注意以下三点：
1.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词在指物时，只能用which，而不能用that；关系代词which既可指代先行词，也可指代前面整个句子的内容。
如：He lives in Weifang, which is only an hour’s ride from here．
(关系代词 which 在定语从句中作主语，指代主句中的 Weifang。)
I have lost my pen, which I like very much．
(关系代词which在定语从句中作宾语，指代主句中的pen。)
New Concept English is intended for foreign students, which is known to all of us．
(关系代词which 在定语从句中作主语，指代整个主句的内容。)
2.关系代词 which 和as 引导非限制性定语从句时的区别：as 有“正如……” 、“就像……” 的意思， 而which没有；as 引导非限制性定语从句时，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，可以放在主句之前或之后；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
如：As is known to all, he is the best student in our class．
(as 指代整个主句，在定语从句中作主语。)
He opposed the idea, as could be expected． (as指代整个主句，在定语从句中作主语。)
常用的这种句式有：as we all know, as is known to all, as is said above, as is already mentioned above, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。
3.在非限制性定语从句中，修饰人并在从句中作主语时用关系代词who, 作宾语时用关系代词whom。
如：Our guide, who was a French Canadian, was an excellent cook．
She is like Miss Carter, whom I used to meet in Boston．
二、 在下列情况下必须使用非限制性定语从句
1.当先行词为专有名词或球类、疾病、学科等独一无二的事物时。
如： He caught SARS, which threatened people a lot．
They will fly to Paris, where they plan to stay two or three days．
Football, which is now played in over 100 countries, is the most popular game in the world．
2.当主句内容完整，先行词意义明确时。
如：His house, which was finished only a month ago, was burnt down to the ground last night．
We will put off the outing until next week, when we won’t be so busy．
3.当定语从句修饰整个主句时。
如：They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them．
They moved the fallen tree, which took them a long time．
4.当定语从句修饰主句中的一部分时。
如：She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was．
5.当定语从句由“代词／数词／名词／形容词比较级、最高级等＋of ＋which／whom”引导时。
如：China has hundreds of islands off its southeast coast, the largest of which is Taiwan．
Chaplin directed a large number of films, most of which were silent．
一、 非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句，顾名思义，是对先行词从本质或特征上进行限制的一种定语从句，它所修饰的词代表一个（些）或一类特定的人或事、物。例如：A man who doesn’t want to learn from others can’t achieve much．
一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多大成就的。
A man被限定后，指一类特定的人。
限制性定语从句是不能去掉的，否则剩下的部分就失去意义而不能成立。非限制性定语从句则不然，它只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，去掉之后并不影响整个句子的含义。在形式上，非限制性定语从句与主句之
间通常必须有逗号隔开。
例如：Finally we visited the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam， which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present．
最后我们参观了长江三峡大坝，它是目前世界上最大的水利枢纽工程。
本句若去掉定语从句，主句部分的含义仍然完整。历年的高考题中，非限制性定语从句是出现频率最高的考点之一，因此值得我们注意。
二、 引导非限制性定语从句的which可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整个句子。
例如：That Peter will marry Alice， which has not been announced yet， has spread around．
彼特要娶爱丽斯这件事还没宣布，却已被传得沸沸扬扬。
句子中的which指代“彼特要娶爱丽斯”这件事。
三、 除which外，还可用when， where， who，whom等关系副词或关系代词引导非限制性定语从句。
例如：After graduation， I decided to stay in Chongqing， where I spent my childhood and four years of college life．
毕业后，我决定留在重庆，在那里我度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。
Albert Einstein left Germany for the United States during World War II， when Jews were badly treated in Germany．
第二次世界大战期间，爱因斯坦离开德国去了美国，那时犹太人在德国受到极大的歧视。
注意：that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
四、 在限制性定语从句中，如果先行词作宾语时，引导词可以省略；但引导非限制性定语从句的引导词不能省，同时关系代词whom不能用who替换。
试比较：The American journalist (whom ／ who) the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters．
播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已经被匪徒杀害了。
He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother， whom he loved and respected as his own mother．
他急于想去医院看望他的继母，他像对亲生母亲一样爱戴和尊敬她。
巩固练习（多数为历年高考题）：从A、B、C、D中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1． She heard the terrible noise， ＿＿＿＿＿ brought her heart into her mouth．
A． it B． which C． this D． that
2.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play， ＿＿＿＿， of course， made the others unhappy．
A． who B． which C． this D． what
3. The weather turned out to be very good，＿＿＿＿ was more than we could expect．
A． what B． which C． that D． it
4.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase，＿＿＿＿ was very reasonable．
A． which price B． the price of which
B． its price D． the price of whose
5.The youngest nurse has worked for 30 days in the SARS hospital， ＿＿＿＿ she spent her19th birthday．
A． that B． which C． where D． and（答案bbbc）
江苏如东岔河中学 缪晓红(整理)
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
一、 弄清关系代词所指及其在定语从句中所充当的句子成分。
系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1. 先行词指物时，用关系代词that／which在从句中作主语或宾语。
如：He bought a coat that／which cost little．
他买了一件便宜上衣。（作主语）
The car which ／ that he bought yesterday is a secondhand one．
他昨天买的车是个二手货。（作宾语）
2. 先行词指人时，用关系代词that／who在从句中作主语或宾语（在口语中，代替whom）。
如：The man who ／ that gave a speech on TV is the president．
昨天在电视上演讲的人是总统。（作主语）
This is the strange man that／who／whom I met yesterday．
这就是我昨天碰到的那个怪人。（作宾语）
3.whose在从句中作定语，既可指人，作“某（些）人的”解；也可指物，作“某（些）物的”解。
如：This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake．
这就是在那次大地震中失去双亲的那个小姑娘。
We live in a house whose windows open to the south．
我们居住在一所窗户朝南的房子里。
理清上述关系还能帮助我们判断定语从句谓语动词的单复数。
又如：He is one of the students who work hard．
他是学习努力的学生之一。（who指先行词the students）
He is the only one of the students who goes abroad． 他是学生中唯一出国的。（who指先行词the only one）
二、记清多用关系代词that的几种情况。
1.先行词为all， everything， nothing， something， anything， little， few， much等不定代词时。
如：There is little that I can use．
几乎没有什么我能用的了。
2.先行词被all， each， few， much， every， no， some， any等不定代词修饰时。
如：All the books that you need are here．
你所需要的书都在这儿。
3.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
如：This is the first composition that he has written in English．
这是他用英语写的第一篇作文。
4.先行词既有人又有物时。
如：He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited．
他谈到了他曾拜访过的老师和学校。
5.主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时。
如：Who is the man that is speaking over there？
在那里说话的人是谁？
6.先行词被the only，the very， the last等修饰时。
如：This is the very gun that I am looking for．
这正是我在找的枪。
7.关系代词在从句中作表语时。
如：He is not the young man that he was thirty years ago．
他已不是三十年前的那个年轻人了。
关系副词where, when和why
同学们对定语从句已经有了初步的认识。我们已学了关系代词who， whom， whose， which和that的用法，这里就说说关系副词where， when和why引导定语从句时的语义特点和用法特点。
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
一、 副词where引导的定语从句
1. 当先行词是表示地点的名词，如place， room， mountain， airport等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词where引导。
例如：The two lost boys happened to come into a cave where they discovered some very valuable prehistorical rock paintings by chance．
那两个迷路的男孩碰巧进入了一个山洞，在那里他们意外地发现了一些非常有价值的史前岩画。
在上述例句中，where代表in the cave，作地点状语。
2. 通常，引导定语从句的where大都可以转换成“介词＋which”的形式。例如：The American soldiers rushed into the President Mansion where ／ in which they found those gold bars．美国士兵冲进总统官邸，在那里他们发现了那些金条。
3.当表示地点的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，而不是用where。
试比较：
The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that ／ which) people all over the world look forward to visiting．
长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。
The Yangtze River is our mother river where the Chinese people have created the brilliant Chinese civilization．
长江是我们的母亲河，中华民族在那里创造了灿烂的华夏文明。
在第一句的定语从句中，visiting是一个及物动词，必须带宾语，而关系副词where不能作宾语，所以只能用which或that引导，而且二者可以省略；在第二句的定语从句中，不缺主语、宾语、表语，所以用where作状语。
二、 系副词when引导的定语从句
1.当先行词是表示时间的名词，如time， day， year， month， week等，同时又在从句中作状语时，定语从句需要用关系副词when引导。
例如：Galileo lived at a time when the human spirit was waking after a thousand years of sleep．
伽利略生活的时代是人类灵魂经过了千年沉睡之后正在苏醒的时代。
2.与where一样，引导定语从句的when也可以转换成“介词＋which”的形式。
例如： All the Chinese， at home and abroad， will forever remember the date when ／ on which the Red Five-star Flag was raised in Hong Kong．
海内外的所有华人都不会忘记五星红旗在香港的土地上升起时的日子。
3.当先行词为the time， the moment， the day， the minute等时，关系副词when可以省略，也可以用that引导。
例如：The moment (that ／ when) I turned round， she had left and disappeared in the crowd．
当我转过身来时，她已经离开并消失在人群中了。
Do you still remember the day we got to know each other？
你还记得我们彼此相识的那一天吗？
这时的定语从句（省略了when或that），实际上已经是一个时间状语从句了。
4.当表示时间的先行词在从句中不是作状语，而是作主语、宾语或表语时，必须用关系代词that或which引导定语从句，而不是用when。
例如： The film reminded me of those miserable days (that ／ which) I spent in my childhood．
这部电影使我想起了我童年时代度过的那些苦难日子。
三、 关系副词why引导的定语从句
1.当先行词是表示原因的名词reason时，定语从句需要用关系副词why引导，此时的定语从句说明先行词的内容。
例如：Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine？
你知道蒸汽机中存在热损耗的原因吗？
2.我们也可以用for which来替代why。
例如：The reason why ／ for which you failed， I think， was that you had turned a deaf ear to your mother’s advice．
我认为你失败的原因是你不听你母亲的忠告。
注意：在“the reason why sb． does sth． is that�从句”的结构中，that不能换成because。
定语从句错误分析
初学定语从句时，同学们易犯的错误归纳起来有语义重复、主谓不一致及引导词的误用等。同学们可以先试着找出下列这些句子中的错误并加以改正，然后参阅题后的分析。
1． The woman which was interviewed on CCTV last night was the late US President Nixon’s daughter．
分析 定语从句的引导词有两大类：一类是关系代词，包括that, which, who, whom和whose。当先行词是指人的名词或代词时，要用who, whom或whose来引导定语从句，并且，它们分别在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语；当先行词是指事物的名词或代词时，要用which来引导定语从句；而that既可以指人，又可以指物。另一类是关系副词，常用的有where（表地点），when（表时间）及why（表原因）。本例中的先行词指人，所以应把which改成who或that。
2． The main topic people are often talking about it at present is the construction of the Yangtze Three Gorges Dam．
分析 the main topic是先行词，people are ．．． about it at present是定语从句，其中关系代词that或which在句中作介词about的宾语，被省略了。所以it是重复的成分，应该去掉。初学者很容易犯语意重复的错误，应当十分注意。
3． God bless this ship and all that sails in her！
分析 当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词应与先行词的数保持一致。本例先行词是一个表复数概念的代词all，所以定语从句的谓语动词sails应该用复数，即sail。句意是：上帝保佑这条船和所有乘船的人吧！关于主谓一致，有一个特例值得注意。见第4例。
4． Franklin D． Roosevelt was the only one of the US presidents that were in office for 4 terms．
分析 当先行词是“the only one of the＋复数名词”时，定语从句的谓语动词要与one保持一致，用单数�当先行词是“one of the ＋复数名词”时，定语从句的谓语动词要与复数名词保持一致，用复数。
例如：The Great Wall is one of the man-made constructions that have been seen from space．
5． The speed at that the rocket can escape from the earth is 11.2 kilometers per second．
分析 当介词提前时，不能用关系代词that或who引导定语从句，而应该用which或whom。这儿的先行词speed是表事物的名词，所以应该把that改成which，而且不能省略（因为直接在介词后）。句意是：火箭的逃逸速度是每秒11.2公里。
6． This is a new type of airplane, which parts are all made at home．
分析 不管先行词是指人还是物，关系代词在从句中作定语时，都必须用whose；但是指物时，还可以用“the ＋名词＋of which”的形式表示。故本例可改成：This is a new type of airplane, whose parts are all made at home．或者This is a new type of airplane, the parts of which are all made at home．
7． Anything which exists in the universe has its two sides．
分析 当先行词是表事物的不定代词，如all,everything,anything．．．时,关系代词要用that，而不用which，故本句要把关系代词which 改为that。
8． Whatever Saddam did couldn’t change US mind to attack Iraq, that we had expected．
分析 that 不能用来引导非限定性定语从句。本定语从句的先行词是一个先行句，即前面整个句子，所以本从句中的关系代词that必须改为which。当然也可以用when, where, who（m）等引导非限定性定语从句，而且不可省略，whom也不能用who代替。
例如：Mr. Robert, whom I’ll invite to my new house, is a famous lawyer of our city．
9.Recently I have been reading a good book, it was about the relationship between man and nature．
分析 该句中前后两句之间为逗号，且无连接词，故后一句应是一个非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词book,所以it应改为which。
定语从句是历年高考试题的考查热点之一，下面就定语从句应特别注意的几个问题加以举例分析：
Ⅰ．关系代词which
例1． The Greens will move into the new house next Monday, ＿＿＿＿＿it will be completely finished．
A． by the time B． by which time
C． that D． which
例2． Water boils at 100℃, ＿＿＿＿＿it changes to gas．
A． at which temperature B． at which
C． by which temperature D． by which
析：which 引导定语从句时，在从句中除了作主语或宾语外，还可以作定语修饰名词，常用于“介词＋which＋名词”结构中，相当于“and＋介词＋this／that＋名词”。所以例1选B；例2选A。
Ⅱ．关系副词when
例1． Could you suggest a time ＿＿＿＿＿it would fit you to visit us and try out the machine？
例2． Think of a time ＿＿＿＿＿you were happiest．(Senior3,L93)
例3． There was a time ＿＿＿＿＿all scientists were willing to share their results．（Senior3,L3）
A． that B． when C． which D． where
析：当先行词为a time(一段时间)时，引导定语从句的关系词常用when，而不采用that，故以上例题均选B。在我们课本中类似的句子还有：①This was at a time when there was no radio, TV or cinema．(Senior2,L70) ②It’s about a time when there were black slaves in North America．(Senior1,L53)
Ⅲ．关系代词but
例：There is no one ＿＿＿＿＿wishes peace．
A． who B． but C． that D． whom
析：本题句意为“没有人不希望和平。”but作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。but相当于who ／ that don’t ／ doesn’t，but本身含有否定意义。故本题选B。
Ⅳ．定语从句与强调句及其他从句的混合
例1． It was in the small house ＿＿＿＿was built with stones by his father ＿＿＿＿he spent his childhood．
A． which that B． that where
C． which which D． where that
析：分析句子结构可知，本句的主句为强调句型，第一空应由关系代词引导定语从句修饰先行词house。故本题选A。
例2． The meeting was put off, ＿＿＿＿was exactly ＿＿＿＿we wanted．
A． which�which B． as� that
C． which�what D． it� that
析：由题意可知，第一空应由关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句，第二空应由what引导表语从句。故本题选C。
练习： 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1.Don’t call between 12 o’clock and 1 o’clock, ＿＿＿＿＿I am usually having lunch．
A． at which B． during which time
C． by which time D． by which
2. The song is so popular ＿＿＿＿＿ there is no one in our class ＿＿＿＿＿likes it．
A． that who B． that but
C． which who D． which but
3.It is such a good place ＿＿＿＿＿ everybody wants to visit ＿＿＿＿ it is well-known all over the world．
A． which� that B． as� as C． as� that D． that� as
4． We are living in an age ＿＿＿＿many things are done on computer．(北京2003春) A．which B．that C．whose D．when
Key:1－4BBCD
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句和主句之间常用逗号隔开，它与主句的关系不十分密切，只对先行词作补充或附加说明，如省略，也不影响主句意思的表达。如：Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses．上述例子作如下改动，句子意思仍然完整： Water has many uses．
一、 关于引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，须注意以下三点：
1.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词在指物时，只能用which，而不能用that；关系代词which既可指代先行词，也可指代前面整个句子的内容。
如：He lives in Weifang, which is only an hour’s ride from here．
(关系代词 which 在定语从句中作主语，指代主句中的 Weifang。)
I have lost my pen, which I like very much．
(关系代词which在定语从句中作宾语，指代主句中的pen。)
New Concept English is intended for foreign students, which is known to all of us．
(关系代词which 在定语从句中作主语，指代整个主句的内容。)
2.关系代词 which 和as 引导非限制性定语从句时的区别：as 有“正如……” 、“就像……” 的意思， 而which没有；as 引导非限制性定语从句时，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，可以放在主句之前或之后；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
如：As is known to all, he is the best student in our class．
(as 指代整个主句，在定语从句中作主语。)
He opposed the idea, as could be expected． (as指代整个主句，在定语从句中作主语。)
常用的这种句式有：as we all know, as is known to all, as is said above, as is already mentioned above, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等。
3.在非限制性定语从句中，修饰人并在从句中作主语时用关系代词who, 作宾语时用关系代词whom。
如：Our guide, who was a French Canadian, was an excellent cook．
She is like Miss Carter, whom I used to meet in Boston．
二、 在下列情况下必须使用非限制性定语从句
1.当先行词为专有名词或球类、疾病、学科等独一无二的事物时。
如： He caught SARS, which threatened people a lot．
They will fly to Paris, where they plan to stay two or three days．
Football, which is now played in over 100 countries, is the most popular game in the world．
2.当主句内容完整，先行词意义明确时。
如：His house, which was finished only a month ago, was burnt down to the ground last night．
We will put off the outing until next week, when we won’t be so busy．
3.当定语从句修饰整个主句时。
如：They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them．
They moved the fallen tree, which took them a long time．
4.当定语从句修饰主句中的一部分时。
如：She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was．
5.当定语从句由“代词／数词／名词／形容词比较级、最高级等＋of ＋which／whom”引导时。
如：China has hundreds of islands off its southeast coast, the largest of which is Taiwan．
Chaplin directed a large number of films, most of which were silent．
一、 非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句，顾名思义，是对先行词从本质或特征上进行限制的一种定语从句，它所修饰的词代表一个（些）或一类特定的人或事、物。例如：A man who doesn’t want to learn from others can’t achieve much．
一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多大成就的。
A man被限定后，指一类特定的人。
限制性定语从句是不能去掉的，否则剩下的部分就失去意义而不能成立。非限制性定语从句则不然，它只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，去掉之后并不影响整个句子的含义。在形式上，非限制性定语从句与主句之
间通常必须有逗号隔开。
例如：Finally we visited the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam， which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present．
最后我们参观了长江三峡大坝，它是目前世界上最大的水利枢纽工程。
本句若去掉定语从句，主句部分的含义仍然完整。历年的高考题中，非限制性定语从句是出现频率最高的考点之一，因此值得我们注意。
二、 引导非限制性定语从句的which可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整个句子。
例如：That Peter will marry Alice， which has not been announced yet， has spread around．
彼特要娶爱丽斯这件事还没宣布，却已被传得沸沸扬扬。
句子中的which指代“彼特要娶爱丽斯”这件事。
三、 除which外，还可用when， where， who，whom等关系副词或关系代词引导非限制性定语从句。
例如：After graduation， I decided to stay in Chongqing， where I spent my childhood and four years of college life．
毕业后，我决定留在重庆，在那里我度过了我的童年和四年大学生活。
Albert Einstein left Germany for the United States during World War II， when Jews were badly treated in Germany．
第二次世界大战期间，爱因斯坦离开德国去了美国，那时犹太人在德国受到极大的歧视。
注意：that不能引导非限制性定语从句。
四、 在限制性定语从句中，如果先行词作宾语时，引导词可以省略；但引导非限制性定语从句的引导词不能省，同时关系代词whom不能用who替换。
试比较：The American journalist (whom ／ who) the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters．
播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已经被匪徒杀害了。
He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother， whom he loved and respected as his own mother．
他急于想去医院看望他的继母，他像对亲生母亲一样爱戴和尊敬她。
巩固练习（多数为历年高考题）：从A、B、C、D中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1． She heard the terrible noise， ＿＿＿＿＿ brought her heart into her mouth．
A． it B． which C． this D． that
2.Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play， ＿＿＿＿， of course， made the others unhappy．
A． who B． which C． this D． what
3. The weather turned out to be very good，＿＿＿＿ was more than we could expect．
A． what B． which C． that D． it
4.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase，＿＿＿＿ was very reasonable．
A． which price B． the price of which
B． its price D． the price of whose
5.The youngest nurse has worked for 30 days in the SARS hospital， ＿＿＿＿ she spent her19th birthday．
A． that B． which C． where D． and（答案bbbc）
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