Question

请哪位高人帮我翻译一下！心理学方面的！感激不尽！

At what point in the developmental course of life do human beings first feel gratitude? An obvious candidate is the early attachment experience—the bond of love developed between the infant and caregivers (Bowlby,1969).A cardinal criterion of secure attachment in one-year-olds is the joyful reunion with the caregiver after a brief separation. In the standard laboratory paradigm used by developmental psychologists to assess individual differences in attachment among one-year-olds, the securely attached infant shows joy and excitement when the mother returns to the room after 3 to 6 minutes away (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978). The mother easily assuages the child’s separation anxiety and provides a secure base from which the infant can explore the world. Is it stretching credulity to suggest that the child feels gratitude in this reunion scene? By contrast, insecurely attached infants show a kind of ingratitude,one could argue, as they avoid mother or resist her overtures once she returns from her brief stay away. In writing about the attachment bond, Erikson (1963) suggested that the development of basic trust in the first year leaves behind a lifelong psychological legacy of hope. Early experiences of gratefulness for the loving care shown by caregivers might pave the way for hopeful expectations of future benevolences, reinforcing an unconscious worldview underscoring hope and trust.

Answer 1

在哪一点在发展过程中的生活做人类第一次觉得感激？一个明显的候选人是早期依恋经验债券爱发达国家之间的婴儿和照顾（鲍尔比， 1969年） 。一项基本标准，安全附件一岁儿童是欢乐团聚的医护人员经过短暂分离。在标准实验室所使用的模式发展心理学家，以评估个别差异之间的依恋一岁儿童的安全重视婴幼儿表明喜悦和兴奋时，母亲回到房间后， 3至6分钟的路程（安斯沃思， Blehar ，水域，与长城， 1978年） 。这位母亲很容易assuages孩子的分离焦虑，并提供一个安全基地的婴儿可以探索世界。它伸展轻信表明，孩子觉得在这感谢团圆场面？相比之下，不安全重视婴幼儿表现出一种忘恩负义，人们可以争辩，因为他们避免母亲或抗拒她的姿态一旦她返回从她短暂停留了。在撰写有关附件债券，艾里克森（ 1963 ）建议，发展基本的信任，第一年留下了终生的心理遗留下来的希望。早期经验的感激的亲切关怀照顾表明可能会铺平道路，希望未来的期望benevolences ，加强世界观的无意识强调希望和信任。