Question

一个英语语法问题

It's too hard to understand the voices.
这应理解成too...to...结构还是形式主语结构？

Answer 1

这句话是动词不定式作结果状语

用法
⑴ 作主语 —— 不定式作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语
 To talk with her is a great pleasure .= It’s a great pleasure to talk with her .
和她谈话是件非常愉快的事。
 To act like that is foolish . = It’s foolish to act like that . 这样做是愚蠢的。
 To give up smoking is right . = It’s right to give up smoking .
戒烟是对的。
 To master a language isn’t an easy thing . = It isn’t an easy thing to master a language . 学好一种语言是不容易的。
 To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get . = It’s the greatest happiness one can get to love and to be loved . 爱他人并为他人所爱是人生最大的幸福。

* 在很多情况下，特别在口语中，常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在句子后面，这样使句子结
构显得比较平稳 。
 It’s nice not to depend on them . 不依靠他们是好的。
 It ’s hard to restore a broken mirror . 破镜难圆。
 It’s a shame to say like that . 那样说话是可耻的。
 It’s silly to believe him . 相信他是愚蠢的。
 It seems a pity to refuse . 拒绝似乎是很遗憾的。
 It feels good to be out here for a while . 出来在这儿待一会是挺舒服的。

* 如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语。
 It isn’t hard for one to do a bit of good . 一个人做点好事并不难。
 It will be a mistake for us not to help them . 对于我们来讲，不帮助他们是个错误。
 It’s not easy for him to admit his mistakes . 对他来说承认错误是不容易的。
 It’s a proper choice for me to study English . 对我来说学习英语是恰当的选择。
 It’s impossible for him to find a good job . 对他来说找到一份好工作是不可能的。

* 在某些以形容词( kind , nice , wise , unwise , good , clever , silly , wrong , right ,
foolish , stupid , careless , considerate , rude , naughty , polite , impolite , etc. )
作表语时，不定式前面常常可以加上一个由of 引起的短语，说明不定式指的是谁的情况。
It’s kind of you to think so much of us . 难为你这样替我们着想。
It’s unwise of you to do so . 你这么做不明智。
It’s very kind of them to help us with our English . 他们帮我们学英语真是太好了。
It’scareless of you to leave your wallet on the desk . 你把钱包落在桌上真是太粗心了。

* 动词不定式和动名词作主语，作表语的区别：
A有时两者都可以用，没有多大的区别。
To see is to believe . = Seeing is believing . 眼见为实。百闻不如一见。
B动词不定式主语表示具体的动作，表示是一件未完成的事或目的。
To study abroad has long been my dream . 长久以来，出国学习是我的梦想。（ 表一件未完成的事 ）
C动名词作主语表示抽象的动作，表示一件已知的事或经验。
Climbing moutains is interesting . 爬山是有趣的。 （ 表示经验 ）

⑵ 作宾语
 Mary begged to go with us .
 I can’t afford to buy a car .
 Some people can’t bear to watch a bullfight .
 They will teach us how to repai farm tools .
 He refused to be photographed. 他拒绝让人拍照。
 She deserved to be praised . 她值得受表扬。
 I can’t bear to look back . 往事不堪回首。

＊在某些复合宾语中，常用it代表不定式，把不定式放到后面。
 They found it impossible to get everything ready in time .
他们发现不可能把一切按时准备好。
 She thought it unnecessary to argue with him about it . 她觉得没必要和他辩论。
 I consider it better not to go . 我认为还是不去为好。
 I find it interesting to study English . 我发现学英语很有趣。

＊下列动词跟不定式作宾语
agree consent decine refuse offer promise choose decide determine attempt intend manage fail ask hope want expect long wish tend desire seek claim plan prepare learn mean volunteer pretend dare afford arrange appear bear beg care commence demand dislike endeavour fear happen hesitate neglect pledge prefer propose resolve threaten undertake venture contrive condescend contract aspire hasten plot proceed tell advise show aim prove swear vow …
⑶ 作表语 —— 表示具体的动作，特别是将来的动作。
 The problem is to find a solution . 问题是得找出一个解决办法。
 Her wish is to become an artist . 她的志愿是成为一个艺术家。
 His job is to make contacts with the local people . 他的任务是联系当地群众。
 To live is to do something worth while . 活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。
 One is to struggle for one’s living . 人要为自己的生存奋斗。
 The purpose of education is to develop a fine personality in children .
教育的目的是发展儿童完美的品格。
 The next step is to make sure that you know exactly what is required .
下一步你要真正弄清楚需要的是什么。

⑷ 作定语 —— 不定式作定语时，要放在所修饰的名词后面，这种不定式很多和它修饰的词有动宾关系，如果这个不定式是不及物动词，它后面就应有必要的介词。
 He wants water to frink . 他要水喝。
 He is a pleasant fellow to work with . 他是个很好共事的人。
 She bought a bookshelf to put her books on . 她买了一个书架放书。
 He has a child to take care of . 他有一个孩子要照管。
 She can find no one to make friends with . 她找不到可交朋友的人。
 He lent me a book to kill time with , 他借给我一本书消磨时间。
 She offered me a cup of coffee to refresh my spirit with . 她给我端来一杯咖啡，让我提提神。
 Do you have anything more to say ? 你还有什么要说的吗？
 That will be the only thing to do now . 这恐怕是目前唯一可行的办法。
* A 下列名词常常可以接不定式作定语：ability ambition attempt chance courage time dicision effort failure moment promise right way wish …
 His promise to help me excited me .
 He has fulfilled his ambition to be a writer .
B 由only first last next 以及序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常常节不定式作定语
 He is always the last one to leave the office .
 This is the fifth case of anthrax ( 炭疽 ) to occur in New York this year .
C 不定式还可以用在下列句子中作定语，相当于一个定语从句，表示即将发生的动作。
 We’ll have more activities like this in the few weeks to come .
 ( We’ll have more activities like this in the few weeks that is coming . )
 The conference to take place in Shanghai next week is of great importance .
 ( The conference will take place in Shanghai next week is of great importance . )
D 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不不定式动作的地点，工具等，不定式要有相应的介词，但不定式修饰的名词是time , placce , way ，不定式后面的介词习惯上可以省略。
 He is looking for a room to live in .
 There is nothing to worry about .
 Please give me a knife to cut with .
 He had no money and no place to live ( in ) .
E 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式可以用主动语态，也可以用被动语态，其含义不同。
 Have you anything to send ? 你有什么东西要寄吗？ （不定式的执行者是you ）
 Have you anything to be sent ?
你有什么东西要（我或别人）寄吗？ （不定式的执行者是me 或someone else ）

⑸ 作状语 ——
① 表示目的：表目的的动词不定式通常放在句末，在加强语气时，也可放在句首。在口语中，表目的的状语的不定式前面的to，可以用and来代替，不定式与下列短语和起来作目的状语。（in order to … 为了…… ； so as to … 使得…… ，以致…… ）
He travels around the world to gather little-known facts about the disease .
他走遍世界，收集鲜为人知的有关折中疾病的资料。
 To save the child m he laid down his life . 他为抢救那个儿童而献出了自己的生命。
 Let’s hurry so as not to be late for the meeting . 咱们快点走，免得开会迟到。
 They ran over to welcome the delegation . 他们跑过去欢迎代表团。
 They study hard in order to keep up with others . 他们努力学习为了赶上别人。
 He went into the reataurant to get some food . 他走进餐馆去吃点东西。

② 表示结果：有时用enough to …（足够）；so … as to …（如此 … 以致于 …）；
too … to … （太 … 不能 …）这类结构。
 What has she done to make you so happy ? 她做了什么竟使你这么高兴？
 He is old enough to join the army . 他已经到了参军的年龄了。
 The fisherman’s wife was so greedy as to ask for things again and again .
渔夫的妻子十分贪心，一再地索要东西。
 She lived to be 100 . 她活到了00岁。
 The room is too small to seat all of us . 房间太小，坐不下我们所有的人。
 He studied hard only to fail . 他学习努力，但却没及格。
 He earned a lot of money only for his son to squander . 他赚了很多钱，却被他儿子所挥霍。
 She grew up tp be a diplomat . 她长大成为一名外交家。
 He lifted a rock only to drop it one his own feet . 他搬起了石头，却砸在了自己的脚上。

③ 表示原因：不定式作原因状语时，一般放在句尾。不定式常跟一些形容词或过去分词后说明产生这种情绪的原因。常用“be + 形容词/分词 + 不定式”这类结构。
* 常用的这类词有：
happy luchky fortunate unfortunate pained ashamed surprised frightened shocked sorry glad delighted eager disappointed right anxious ready clever unwise quick foolish rude considerate cruel wrong annoyed bored astonished delighted interesed overjoyed puzzled relieved worried able unable willing unwilling worthy proud angry content impatient fit naughty slow prompt etc.
 He was glad to find the gold ring in the box .
 We were sorry to hear that .
 I’m glad to see you .
 We are proud of be young people of China .
 She felt shame for her daughter to have told lies .
 He burst out crying to hear her words .
 They laughed to hear the joke .
 She is rude to behave like that .
 You are foolish to believe him .

⑹ 作宾补 —— 有些动词可以用动词不定式作宾语补语。这类动词有：consider think believe know guess declare prove order allow tell imagine
suppose find expect …
 It’s no use ordering me to rest when the wounded are waiting .
在有伤员们等我救治的时候，命令我休息是没有用的。
 He didn’t allow the ships to leave the wharf . 他不准船只离开码头。
 The teacher has told us not to look at the books first . 老师叫我们不要先看书。
 They considered him to be the best man for the job . 他们认为他是最合适做这个工作的人。
 We think him to be an able leader . 我们认为他是个有才干的领导人。
 I’ve never known him to be so busy . 我从来不知道他竟这么忙。

⑺ 作主补 —— 动词不定式作主语补语时一定要带to 。
 They were asked to go to the Great Wall . 游人邀请他们去长城。
 You aren’t allowed to open your safe-deposit box without making a signature .
你不签名是不准打开保险箱的。
 You’re required to pay all the charges once a month . 你得每月把应付的款项一次付清。
 John was made to work round the clock . 约翰被迫夜以继日地工作。
 The little boy was heard to come into the room . 有人听到这个小男孩走进房间。

⑻ 作独立成分 —— 表明说话人的态度

to tell you the truth 告诉你实话吧
truth to say 说老实话
truth to speak 说老实话
to be plain 老实说吧
to put it straight 直截了当地说吧
to bring the story short 长话短说
to cut the matter short 长话短说
to return to my subject 言归正传
to change the subject 换一个话题
to usehis onw words 用他自己的话说
to make matters worse 更糟的是
to give him his due 公正地说
strange to say 说来奇怪
curious to mention 说来奇怪
to be brief 简言之
to be exact 精确地说
to be frank with you 老实对你说吧
to say nothing of 姑且不讲
to crown all 更好（坏）的是
to be honest 老实说
to put it plainly 直率地说
to cut a long story short 长话短说
to start with 首先
to begin with 首先
to sum up 概括地说
to get back to my story 接着说吧
to say the least of it 至少
to do him justice 公正地说
to be true 当然
sad to tell 说来令人悲伤

Answer 2

应理解为Too,to结构。因为意思是太怎么怎么样，以致于不能怎么怎么样

Answer 3

不是啊,too...to...是固定搭配,理解为太...而不能...
这个句子是it作形式主语,真正的主语是the voices

Answer 4

我肯定 形式主语结构 如果是固定搭配的话 那么it就是应该做understand的宾语 应该说the voices are too hard to understand.

Answer 5

形式主语结构

很容易被误认为是TOO-TO结构

仔细分析一下句子的结构就看的出来

to understand the voice 才是真正的主语