Question

谁能帮我翻译下这几段话，要标准翻译，因为是要写到论文上的

7、The change in meaning of dog, from a particular breed of dogs to dogs in general, for instance, is not a move towards a more subjective meaning (though, significantly, it is not a development in the opposite direction either).
8、 and is, in this respect, a notorious oddity in the eyes of language typologists.
9、 However, for many inanimate and abstract nouns in most contexts we feel uncomfortable using a separate morphological form if we want to indicate ‘possession，, preferring the of-construction instead, e.g. the thrill of a live concert rather than ??a live concert’s thrill. The of- construction does not count as a separate form of the noun as it clearly involves other elements and the noun itself remains the same, so we only have a single form (here: concert). Croft (2003:137) suggests that the reason why the hierarchy from first and second person personal pronouns to inanimate/abstract nouns is ordered the way it is, is that the more similar persons and things are to ourselves, the more distinctions we are likely to recognise.
10、: a speaker makes some sort of creative association or connection between some idea s/he wants to express and (the meaning of) some existing word or expression. The mechanisms by which these connections are made are clearly psychological in nature. They were touched upon above — see for example the Advances box on subjectification.
11、One may wonder why nonce-formations do not spread to other speakers, why some changes only spread to a few speakers, and others, to most or all of them.

Answer 1

7.比如说， 狗这个字的意思的改变，从某个品种到所有狗， 并不是向着一个主观意思而改变（然而，不容忽视的是，这个字的意思也并不是向着相反的方向而演变（此处指客观意思） ）。
8.……在这个方面，它（某某东西，缺前句）在语言类型学家看来 是一个极为明显的特例。
9.然而，对于许多非生命的和抽象的名词，在很多语境中，我们不习惯使用一个独立的变形来表示从属关系，相反我们更喜欢使用 “of" 构词结构。比如说，表达一场现场的演唱会的紧张刺激的氛围时，用 “the thrill of a live concert" 而不用 “the live concert's thrill"。 “of"构词结构并不是名词的独立形式，因为很明显它包括了其他元素，并且名词本身不发生变化。因此这类名词我们只有一种形式 （例子中的名词 concert）。Croft (2003:137)认为，从第一和第二人称指代名词到非生命或抽象名词，这些名词之所以存在等级关系的差别，是因为名词所描述的人和事物对我们来说越相似，我们越愿意把这些名词 来区别对待（ 以免混淆）。

10. 说话者将他/她想表达的观点和某些已有的词或词组（的意思）关联或联系起来。 这些关联在本质上属于心理性的构造方法。 它们是一种以一个较高的，非客观的，或是抽象的角度来描述事物的方式（并不是从事物的本质特征来描述）。例子可见”Advances box on subjectification"。
11. 某人也许会疑惑 为什么特定词的生成并不会向其它语言使用者扩散（这里特定词，指某些专门人为创造的，只为表达某个特定事物的单词，比如莎翁自创的 “Supercallifragilisticexpialidocious”，表示屌炸天美到爆），为什么某些特定词只会于一些语言使用者间扩散，而其他特定词会向多数或全部使用者扩散。