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被动语态
(一)语态分类
英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：
They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动)
A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动)
汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be+ 及物动词的过去分词构成。
(二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化
主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。
〔注〕被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。
(三)被动语态常用的八种时态
1. 一般现在时
People grow rice in the south of the states.
Rice is grown in the south of the states.
The school doesn't allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
2. 一般过去时
They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month.
The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.
He had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
And the students didn't forget his lessons easily.
He had a strange way of making his classes lively and his lessons were not easily forgotten.
3. 一般将来时
They will send cars abroad by sea.
Cars will be sent abroad by sea.
They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.
Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.
4. 过去将来时
The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.
The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible.
The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.
5. 现在进行时
The radio is broadcasting English lessons.
English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.
——Have you moved into the new house?
——Not yet. We are painting the rooms.
The rooms are being painted.
6. 过去进行时
——Why didn't they drive there on time?
——Because the workers were mending the road.
Because the road was being mended.
This time last year we were planting trees here.
Trees were being planted here this time last year.
7. 现在完成时
Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off.
I have been told the sports meet might be put off.
We have brought down the price.
The price has been brought down.
8. 过去完成时
When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets.
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.
The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People had considered him to be a great leader.
He had been considered to be a great leader.
9. 含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。
The teacher said, “You must hand in your compositions after class. ”
The teacher said, “Your compositions must be handed in after class. ”
He can write a great many letters with the computer.
A great many letters can be written with the computer by him.
(四)被动语态的使用
1. 当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。
“Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ”(只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。
2. 突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。
These records were made by John Denver.
The cup was broken by Paul.
3. 当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+ 名词作状语，而代替by短语。
These cars were made in China.
15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory.
(五)主动语态变被动语态的方法
1. 把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2. 把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+ 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。
3. 把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+ 地点名词作状语。如：
My aunt invited me to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
I was invited (by my aunt )to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
The school set up a special class to help poor readers.
A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.
(六)语态转换时所注意的问题
1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
We have bought a new computer.
A new computer has been bought. (正确)
A new computer have been bought. (错误)
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.
I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：
A present was given to me yesterday.
注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：
bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell等。
The magazine was passed on to me.
The cup with mixture was showed to the class.
My bike was lent to her.
一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for, 如：
build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等。
Mother made me a new skirt.
A new skirt was made for me.
The meat was cooked for us.
Some country music was played for us.
有些既不用to也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。
He ask me a question.
A question was asked of me.
People all over the world know the Great Wall.
The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短语)
3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：
不及物动词+ 介词，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about等。
The patient is being operated on.
The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.
及物动词+ 副词：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out等。
His request was turned down.
The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.
4. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：
We always keep the classroom clean.
The classroom is always kept clean.
She told us to follow her instructions.
We were told to follow her instructions.
注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。
We often hear him play the guitar.
He is often heard to play the guitar.
The earthquake made the road fall onto another one below.
The road was made to fall onto another one below by the earthquake.
注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：
Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples.
误：Love apples were called them.
正：They were called love apples.
5. 还有一种短语动词由动词+ 名词+ 介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：
1)We take good care of the books.
�The books are taken good care of.
Good care is taken of the book.
2)You must pay attention to your pronunciation.
Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.
Your pronunciation must be paid attention to.
用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on等。
6. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：
Nobody can answer this question.
误：The question can be answered by nobody.
正：The question can not be answered by anybody.
7. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：
They haven't done anything to make the river clean.
误：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean.
正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.
8. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首：
Who wrote the story?
误：Who was the story written?
正：By whom was the story written?
9. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook等。如：
The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。
The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。
The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写字很流畅。
The books sell well. (主动句)
对比：
The books were sold out. (被动句)
The meat didn't cook well. (主动句)
对比：
The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被动句)
10. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：
第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。
——Do you like the material?
——Yes, it feels very soft.
误：It is felt very soft.
The food tastes delicious.
误：The food is tasted delicious.
The pop music sounds beautiful.
误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.
第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：
He entered the room and got his book.
误：The room was entered and his book was got.
She had her hand burned.
误：Her hand was had burned.
第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：
The fire broke out in the capital building.
误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.
第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。
1)When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.
误：The sun had already been risen.
2)After the earthquake, few houses remained.
误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.
第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：
I taught myself English.
误：Myself was taught English.
We love each other.
误：Each other is loved.
11. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示，如：
据说……It is said that…
据报导……It is reported that…
据推测……It is supposed that…
希望……It is hoped that…
众所周知……It is well known that…
普遍认为……It is generally considered that…
有人建议……It is suggested that…
1)It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.
2)It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.
在英语语言中，被动语态是极常见的语言现象，人们进行语言交际，离不开对被动语态的使用，熟练掌握被动语态也为下一步学习打下良好的基础，在动词-ing形式，不定式等结构中，都有被动式，都需要运用被动语态的知识去理解。
(一)语态分类
英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：
They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动)
A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动)
汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be+ 及物动词的过去分词构成。
(二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化
主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。
〔注〕被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。
(三)被动语态常用的八种时态
1. 一般现在时
People grow rice in the south of the states.
Rice is grown in the south of the states.
The school doesn't allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
2. 一般过去时
They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month.
The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.
He had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
And the students didn't forget his lessons easily.
He had a strange way of making his classes lively and his lessons were not easily forgotten.
3. 一般将来时
They will send cars abroad by sea.
Cars will be sent abroad by sea.
They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.
Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.
4. 过去将来时
The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.
The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible.
The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.
5. 现在进行时
The radio is broadcasting English lessons.
English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.
——Have you moved into the new house?
——Not yet. We are painting the rooms.
The rooms are being painted.
6. 过去进行时
——Why didn't they drive there on time?
——Because the workers were mending the road.
Because the road was being mended.
This time last year we were planting trees here.
Trees were being planted here this time last year.
7. 现在完成时
Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off.
I have been told the sports meet might be put off.
We have brought down the price.
The price has been brought down.
8. 过去完成时
When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets.
When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.
The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People had considered him to be a great leader.
He had been considered to be a great leader.
9. 含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。
The teacher said, “You must hand in your compositions after class. ”
The teacher said, “Your compositions must be handed in after class. ”
He can write a great many letters with the computer.
A great many letters can be written with the computer by him.
(四)被动语态的使用
1. 当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。
“Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ”(只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。
2. 突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。
These records were made by John Denver.
The cup was broken by Paul.
3. 当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+ 名词作状语，而代替by短语。
These cars were made in China.
15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory.
(五)主动语态变被动语态的方法
1. 把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。
2. 把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+ 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。
3. 把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+ 地点名词作状语。如：
My aunt invited me to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
I was invited (by my aunt )to her dinner party.
主语 谓语 宾语
The school set up a special class to help poor readers.
A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.
(六)语态转换时所注意的问题
1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
We have bought a new computer.
A new computer has been bought. (正确)
A new computer have been bought. (错误)
2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.
I was given a present on my birthday.
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：
A present was given to me yesterday.
注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：
bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell等。
The magazine was passed on to me.
The cup with mixture was showed to the class.
My bike was lent to her.
一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for, 如：
build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等。
Mother made me a new skirt.
A new skirt was made for me.
The meat was cooked for us.
Some country music was played for us.
有些既不用to也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。
He ask me a question.
A question was asked of me.
People all over the world know the Great Wall.
The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短语)
3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：
不及物动词+ 介词，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about等。
The patient is being operated on.
The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.
及物动词+ 副词：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out等。
His request was turned down.
The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.
4. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：
We always keep the classroom clean.
The classroom is always kept clean.
She told us to follow her instructions.
We were told to follow her instructions.
注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。
We often hear him play the guitar.
He is often heard to play the guitar.
The earthquake made the road fall onto another one below.
The road was made to fall onto another one below by the earthquake.
注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：
Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples.
误：Love apples were called them.
正：They were called love apples.
5. 还有一种短语动词由动词+ 名词+ 介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：
1)We take good care of the books.
�The books are taken good care of.
Good care is taken of the book.
2)You must pay attention to your pronunciation.
Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.
Your pronunciation must be paid attention to.
用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on等。
6. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：
Nobody can answer this question.
误：The question can be answered by nobody.
正：The question can not be answered by anybody.
7. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：
They haven't done anything to make the river clean.
误：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean.
正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.
8. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首：
Who wrote the story?
误：Who was the story written?
正：By whom was the story written?
9. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook等。如：
The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。
The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。
The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写字很流畅。
The books sell well. (主动句)
对比：
The books were sold out. (被动句)
The meat didn't cook well. (主动句)
对比：
The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被动句)
10. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：
第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。
——Do you like the material?
——Yes, it feels very soft.
误：It is felt very soft.
The food tastes delicious.
误：The food is tasted delicious.
The pop music sounds beautiful.
误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.
第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：
He entered the room and got his book.
误：The room was entered and his book was got.
She had her hand burned.
误：Her hand was had burned.
第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：
The fire broke out in the capital building.
误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.
第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。
1)When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.
误：The sun had already been risen.
2)After the earthquake, few houses remained.
误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.
第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：
I taught myself English.
误：Myself was taught English.
We love each other.
误：Each other is loved.
11. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示，如：
据说……It is said that…
据报导……It is reported that…
据推测……It is supposed that…
希望……It is hoped that…
众所周知……It is well known that…
普遍认为……It is generally considered that…
有人建议……It is suggested that…
1)It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.
2)It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.
在英语语言中，被动语态是极常见的语言现象，人们进行语言交际，离不开对被动语态的使用，熟练掌握被动语态也为下一步学习打下良好的基础，在动词-ing形式，不定式等结构中，都有被动式，都需要运用被动语态的知识去理解。
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1. 一般现在时
People grow rice in the south of the states.
Rice is grown in the south of the states.
The school doesn't allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
2. 一般过去时
They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month.
The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.
He had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
And the students didn't forget his lessons easily.
He had a strange way of making his classes lively and his lessons were not easily forgotten.
3. 一般将来时
They will send cars abroad by sea.
Cars will be sent abroad by sea.
They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.
Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.
4. 过去将来时
The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.
The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible.
The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.
5. 现在进行时
The radio is broadcasting English lessons.
English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.
——Have you moved into the new house?
——Not yet. We are painting the rooms.
The rooms are being painted.
6. 过去进行时
——Why didn't they drive there on time?
——Because the workers were mending the road.
Because the road was being mended.
This time last year we were planting trees here.
Trees were being planted here this time last year.
7. 现在完成时
Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off.
I have been told the sports meet might be put off.
We have brought down the price.
The price has been brought down.
People grow rice in the south of the states.
Rice is grown in the south of the states.
The school doesn't allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.
2. 一般过去时
They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month.
The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.
He had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
And the students didn't forget his lessons easily.
He had a strange way of making his classes lively and his lessons were not easily forgotten.
3. 一般将来时
They will send cars abroad by sea.
Cars will be sent abroad by sea.
They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.
Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.
4. 过去将来时
The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.
The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.
The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible.
The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.
5. 现在进行时
The radio is broadcasting English lessons.
English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.
——Have you moved into the new house?
——Not yet. We are painting the rooms.
The rooms are being painted.
6. 过去进行时
——Why didn't they drive there on time?
——Because the workers were mending the road.
Because the road was being mended.
This time last year we were planting trees here.
Trees were being planted here this time last year.
7. 现在完成时
Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off.
I have been told the sports meet might be put off.
We have brought down the price.
The price has been brought down.
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