状语从句(1)
状语从句重点是掌握连接词即可翻译句子 ，掌握引导九类状语从句的有关连接词的用法特点和意义是学习状语从句的关键，只有记住连接词就能够识别是何种状语从句，从而正确分析句子的结构并理解句子的意思。
when相当于at the time(在......时刻)
一、主句一般过去时+从句一般过去时
i started my dinner when he left 他走之后，我才开始吃晚饭
二、主句一般过去时+从句过去完成时
i started my dineer when he had left
一、二两句意思区别不大，两句都表示从句动作先发生，但从句过去完成时更加强调了从句动作先发生。
下面这种和主句、从句没有关系，只与动作长短有关系，短暂动作用一般过去时，延续动作用过去进行时：
1、主句一般过去时+从句过去进行时 (during the time 当......时候)
the doorbell rang when i was telephoning。 门铃响的时候，我正在打电话
短暂动作rang用一般过去时，延续动作用过去进行时。
2、主句过去进行时+从句一般过去时 (at the time正在那时(在......时刻))
i was telephoning when the doorbell rang。 我当时正在打电话，突然门铃响了
when + 短暂动作突然发生时，可以加suddenly。
i was telephoning when suddenly the doorbell rang。
1)i was telephoning Harry when she arrived
2)i telephoned Harry when she arrived
只有主句时态不同，2句强调从句动作先发生，1句强调主句是一个持续动作。
3、主句一般将来时+从句一般现在时
表示将来动作，从句一般现在时表示将来
i'ii speak to him when he arrvies
when还有用法看过去进行时学习笔记
while 意思相当于during that time(在...期间)，从句谓语动词接延续动词
when 既可以表示at that time(在...时刻，谓语短暂动词)，也可以表示during that time(在...期间,谓语延续动词)
until
until本质思维是表示“一个（主句）动作一直持续到某一个时间点”
until前面的主句或句子的谓语必须是延续性的，until后接的从句谓语须是短暂动词或时间点
也就是：连词：主句延续动词+until+从句短暂动词
介词：延续动词+until+时间点
wait until he comes back
i will be away from my office until next Tuesday (做介词)
若主句谓语是短暂动词，则要用否定形式，not......until
一......就结构
有一些时间连词表达主句的动作和从句的动作相继发生，两者之间时间间隔不长，主句从句都用短暂动词。
从句动作先于主句动作发生:
关系连词有：as soon as,once,the minute,the moment,the instant,immediately,directly,instantly等
表示将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来，主句用一般将来时
we will leave as soon as it stops raining
表示过去的动作，主句和从句都用一般过去时
it began to rain as soon as i arrived home
其它连词例句：
it began to rain immediately i arrived home
don't trust those who leave their friends the moment they get into difficulty
主句动作先于从句动作
表示这一时间关系的连词有：hardly...when,scarcely...when和no sooner...than,一般多用来表示过去的动作，主句多用过去完成时，且常倒装，从句用一般过去时。可与as soon as等从句、主句互换。
no sooner had i arrive home than it began to rain
it began to rain as soon as i arrived home
no sooner had the storm started than all the lights went out
hardly had i arrived home when it began to rain
scarcely had i started to type my paper when the tlephone rang
原因状语从句有四个连词：because,for,as,since
because语气最强，只有它才能用来回答why的问句，引出的原因一般是听话人所不知道或最感兴趣的，只有because才能被强调词如only,just或perhaps等来修饰
my friends dislike me because i'm handsome and successful
连词since表示人们已知的事情，是不需强调的原因，所以学译为“既然”，通常放在句首
since you are an english major,i guess you can help me with this sentence
既然你是学英语专业的，我猜想你能帮我解决这个句子
as与since用法差不多，表示说话人看来理由已经很明显，不需要用because强调
as monday is a national holiday,all govenment offices will be closed
由于周一是法定假日，所有政府机关都将休息
for表示推断的理由，对前面分句的内容加以解释或说明
it rained last night,for the ground is wet this morning
昨晚下雨了，因为今天早上地都湿了
as和for引导的主、从句，二者处于平等位置
because引导的从句显得比主句重要，强调原因
since引导的从句显得次要，而主句重要，以说明将要做什么事
介词表示因果关系：
because of ,due to,owing to 后面接名词，不能接从句
连词有：so that,in order that,that
从句中常含may might can could等情态动词
in order that意为“以便”
i truned off the tv in order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet
so that 意为“以便”
when i was a child,i would take a flashlight to bed with me so that i could read comic books without my parents' knowing about it
其它例句：
we climbed high (so) that we might get a better view
目的状语从句一般在主句之后，如需强调目的状语从句，则将其置于句首
in order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet,i turned off the tv
连词：so...that和such...that
从句都放在主句之后
so...that，so后面接形容词或副词
the food in our school canteen is so bad that flies go there to lose weight
such...that，such后面接名词
he is such a good teacher that everyone like him
为了强调可以将主句中的so,such引导的部分置于句首从而构成倒装结构
so fast does light gravel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed
正常语序：ligfht travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed
so terrible was the storm that the foofs were all ripped off
正常语序：the strom was so terrible that the roofs were all ripped off
such a fool was he that he believed her
he was such a fool that he believed her
常见连词：if(如果),unless（除非、如果不）
其他条件状语从句连词：
suppose (that),supposing (that),providing/provided(that),so long as,as long as,on condition that等
连词:though,although,even though,even if,此时，主句前不可用but，但可用yet或still
although he tried hard,yet/still he failed.
though he was inexperienced,he did a very good job
表让步介词despite,in spite of,for all
in spite of his inexperience,he did a very good job
inspite of his being inexperienced,he did a very good job
while位于句首，一般意为“尽管”，引导让步状语从句。
as引导的倒装句表示让步
1、形容词置句首
young as he is,he is knowledgeable 他虽然年轻，但知识渊博
2、副词置句首
much as i respect him,i can not agree with him 虽然我非常尊重他，但是我仍旧不同意他的意见
again as he failed in doing this experiment,he didn't lose his heart 尽管他的试验再次失败了，但是他并不灰心
3、名词置句着
child as he is,he is knowledgeable
lazy a boy as he is,he is kind to help others (名词短语)
以上句型中的as可用that,though代替，但较少这样使用，不可以用although
关于介词和连词的进一步说明：
介词后面可以接名词、名词短语、动名词或what引导的从句
连词后面可以接完整的陈述句、形容词（相当于省略句）、分词（相当于省略句）等
连词as用法
as...as结构前一个as是一个副词，后一个as才是比较状语从句的连词
1、as+形容词或副词+as
the work is not as difficult as you think
2、as+形容词+a(n)+可数句词单数+as
前一个as做副词修饰一个形容词，而这个形容词同时又修饰一个名词。注意不定冠词在形容词之前
Americans tend to think from small to large.let us take as simple an example as the addressing of envelopes
rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on so many aspects of social,econmic,and cultural development as the growth of electronics.
3、否定句中第一个as可用so代替
this room is not so large as the one we saw
4、为了保持句子平衡，从句还可以用倒装结构，此时结构是as...as+助动词+主语
small as it is,the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth
the computer revolution may well change society as fundamentally as did the industrial revolution
连词than用法
1、两个同类事物才可以比较，不是同类事物无法比较
he is taller than i (am)
the weather of the South is wetther than the North . 错误
the weather fo South和the North是两个截然不同的事物，无法比较，只能用南方的天气和北方的天气这两个同类事物才能比较
2、主句中必须有比较级形式出现
there are few electronic applications more likely to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than rebots3
3、为保持句子平衡，从句可以全部或部分倒装
结构如下：than+助动词＋主语
On the whole,ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition
Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S-born whites and blacks"
Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because,as marine animals,they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion
表示倍数比较三种句型结构
表示倍数关系的连词： time和twice
1.“倍数+比较级”结构：A is three times bigger(或其他形容词的比较级) than B
2.“倍数+as...as”结构：A is three times as big(或其他形容词原级) as B
3.“倍数+名词“结构：A is three times the size(或其他形容词对应的名词形式) of B
the more...,the more句型结构
表示“越...,越...”,将分句中的某个成分变为比较级之后提到句首，这个比较级部分必须是各自的分句中充当一定的成分。
1句中错误，比较级部分没有在句中充当成分。
2句正确比较级部分在句中做状语。
3句中比较级部分在分句中充当表语，相当于your words are more exact;it is easier for people to understand you。
4句中比较级部分在分句中充当宾语，也是正确的。
前半部分为从句，后半部分是主句，这就是为什么前半句常用一般现在时态，后半句用一般将来时态，类似其他状语从句“主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时”的规则，别外，翻译成汉语时，一般先译从句，后译主句。
连词：as,like,as if,as though,the way等
When in Rome,do as the Romans do 入乡随俗
Do it the way you were taught 按照教给你的那样做
He looks as though/as if he is an actor 他看上去像一个演员
like用法，这段话很经典：
Work like you don't need the money.
Love like you've never been hurt.
Dance like nobody's watching.
Sing like nobody's listening.
Live like it's heaven on earth.
去工作吧，犹如你不需要金钱。
去爱吧，犹如你从未曾被伤害过。
去舞蹈吧，犹如无人在一旁观看。
去歌唱吧，犹如无人在一边谛听。
热爱生活吧，犹如这里是人间乐土。
