Question

请各位大侠帮忙翻译，谢谢

Implications For Regional Industrial Development Policy
Our findings indicate that the development of an industry cluster can provide significant advantages to local firms and the area economy. The principal shortcomings inherent with a clusters strategy relate to the difficulty of establishing a cluster in a location where an industry grouping is not present. The key for policy prescription, therefore, is to compare the costs of initiating or expanding a cluster with the potential benefits of a successful cluster development. Based on these potential costs and benefits, we believe that most regions will fall into one of the three categories with respect to the
advisability of adopting a clustering strategy.
One, regions with well developed industry clusters will likely find that programs to expand these clusters will be reasonable strategies for industrial development. Three program initiatives are recommended by Rosenfeld. Regions can support the development of industry organizations that help firms develop a shared vision, identify similar interests, and pursue new opportunities. Regions can assist in creating broker services that help firms discover what they need and where to find it. Services include analyzing market and technology trends; encouraging cooperation and collaboration in the areas of marketing, sales, and input purchases; and providing applied research, labor training, and business assistance programs. Regions can provide a subsidized center that focuses on the needs of a specific industry cluster. Services of such centers include training in technologies and management techniques, sponsoring research, and providing access to information.
Two, regions with small industry clusters may wish to pursue a cluster promotion strategy if such a strategy is not too costly. Smaller clusters generally will be at a disadvantage in competing with larger, established industry clusters. To be competitive, regions with smaller clusters may need to offer financial inducements to prospective firms, invest in specialized infrastructure, and/or subsidize labor training programs. The costs of these programs may be small or large depending on the specific industry, area characteristics, and the head start attained by earlier clusters. Thus, assessments of the costs of overcoming latecomer disadvantages must be undertaken on a case by case basis.
Three, regions with no distinct industry clusters (or clusters of declining sectors) will likely find little success from a clustering strategy. In this case, state and local governments should focus their efforts on efficiently providing local public services and improving the quality of the regional labor force. Such efforts, in conjunction with an active small business development program, will provide these areas with a receptive environment for the “historical accident” that could possibly be nurtured into a new industry cluster.
还有一段

In summary, the promotion of industry clusters is not an industrial development solution for all areas. The clustering approach is most promising for areas with existing, well-developed clusters in growing industries. Regions with concentrations in declining sectors or areas with diverse industrial bases probably should continue to concentrate their industry development resources in the more traditional program areas -- recruitment, small business development, retention and expansion. The difficulties and costs associated with developing new industry clusters in these regions render clustering an impractical employment generation strategy.

Answer 1

对于地方的工业发展政策的含意
我们的调查结果指出工业群的发展能提供对当地的公司和区域经济的重要利益。 主要的缺点固有的与一个群策略与在一个一个工业配列不是存在的位置中建立群的困难有关。关键为政策处方，因此，将用成功群发展的潜在利益比较开始或扩张群的费用。 基于这些潜能费用和利益, 我们相信大多数的区域将会区分为三个有尊敬的种类之一到那
采用一个聚集策略的明智。
一, 区域用发展良好的工业群将会或许找计画扩张这些群将会是工业的发展合理的策略。 三规划率先被 Rosenfeld 推荐。 区域能支援帮助公司发展一个被分享的视觉,识别相似的兴趣, 而且追求新的机会的工业组织的发展。区域能协助创造帮助公司发现的经纪人服务什么他们需要和该哪里找它。 服务包括分析市场和技术趋势; 在行销、售卖和输入购买的区域中鼓励合作和合作; 而且提供应用的研究, 劳动训练、和商务协助计画。 区域能提供把重心集中在特定工业群的需要的资助的中心。如此的中心的服务包括技术和管理技术的训练,赞助研究, 而且提供接触数据。
二, 如果如此的一个策略不是太昂贵的，区域用小的工业群可能想要追求一个群晋级策略。在以比较大又确定的工业群竞争方面，较小的群通常将会在缺点。 为了是竞争的，区域用较小的群可能需要提供财务的诱因给预期的公司,投资在特殊化的系统内各部分, 及[或] 给与补助金劳动训练计划。这些计划的费用可能在被较早的群达到的特定的工业，区域特性和抢先上是小或者大的靠。 因此，克服迟到者缺点的费用的评估一定被以个案处理方式接手。
三, 区域没用清楚的工业群 (或倾斜部门的群) 将会或许找来自一个聚集策略的一点的成功。 在这情况，州和地方政府应该有效率地将他们的努力集中在提供当地的公共服务而且改良地方劳动力量的质量。如此的努力,连同一个活跃的小商务发展计画，将会为那可能地可能被进入新的工业群之内发展的 " 历史的意外事件 " 用善于接纳的环境提供这些区域。
在摘要，工业群的晋级为所有的区域不是工业的发展解决。聚集方法是用存在,成长的工业的发展良好的群为区域允诺的大部分。 区域在倾斜的部门或区域中有集中以不同的工业基础或许应该继续集中他们的工业发展资源在比较传统的计画区域 -- 招募, 小的商务发展、保持和扩充。与在这些区域中发展新的工业群联合的困难和费用提出聚集一个不实用的雇用世代策略