Question

求英文原文或人手译文！！！

以下文字来自《人论》(德)恩斯特•卡西尔的第一章 （人类自我认识的危机）

然而当我们研究柏拉图的苏格拉底对话时，我们在任何地方都找不到对这个新问题的一个直接解答。苏格拉底向我们详细而不厌其烦地分析了人的各种品质和品德。他试图规定这些品质的性质并给它们下定义：善、公正、节制、勇敢，等等。但他从未冒昧地提出一个关于人的定义。这种表面上的不足应当如何解释呢？苏格拉底是有意地采取了一种兜圈子的方法——一种只允许触及问题的表面而不深入问题内部及其真正核心的方法吗？但是在这里比在其它任何地方，我们都更加应该揣测苏格拉底的反语。恰恰正是苏格拉底的这种否定回答给这个问题带来了新的和意想不到的启示，正是这种否定回答告诉了我们苏格拉底对人的概念的正面看法：我们绝不可能用探测物理事物的本性的方法来发现人的本性。物理事物可以根据它们的客观属性来描述，但是人却只能根据他的意识来描述和定义。这个事实提出了一个全新的问题，这个问题是不可能靠我们通常的研究方式来解决的。前苏格拉底哲学中所使用的那种经验观察和逻辑分析，在这里被证明是不够的和不充分的。因为只有在我们与人类的直接交往中，我们才能洞察人的特性。要理解人，我们就必须在实际上面对着人，必须面对面地与人来往。因此，苏格拉底哲学的与众不同之处不在于一种新的客观内容，而恰恰在于一种新的思想活动和功能。哲学，在此以前一直被看成是一种理智的独白，现在则转变为一种对话。只有靠着对话式的亦即辩证的思想活动，我们才能达到对人类本性的认识。以往，真理总是被看成应当是某种现成的东西，它可以靠思考者的独自努力而被把握，并且能轻易地传递和传达给其他人。但是苏格拉底不再满足于这种见解。在《理想国》中柏拉图说道，往一个人的灵魂中灌输真理，就象给一个天生的瞎子以视力一样是不可能的。真理就其本性而言就是辩证的思想的产物。因此，如果不通过人们在相互的提问与回答中不断地合作，真理就不可能获得。因此，真理不象一种经验的对象，它必须被理解为是一种社会活动的产物。在这里，我们获得了对于“人是什么？”这一问题的新的、间接的答案。人被宣称为应当是不断探究他自身的存在物——一个在他生存的每时每刻都必须查问和审视他的生存状况的存在物。人类生活的真正价值，恰恰就存在于这种审视中，存在于这种对人类生活的批判态度中。在《申辩篇》中苏格拉底说：“一种未经审视的生活还不如没有的好。”我们可以概括苏格拉底的思想说，他把人定义为：人是一个对理性问题能给予理性回答的存在物。人的知识和道德都包含在这种循环的问答活动中。正是依靠这种基本的能力——对自己和他人作出回答response的能力，人成为一个“有责任的”responsible存在物，成为一个道德主体。

Answer 1

However when we study the xu lattice tension bed dialogue of the Plato, we are all canning not find a direct solution toward this new subject anyplace.The xu lattice tension bed to our detail but don't be disgusted with various quality and moral characters that it analyzed the body vexedly.He tries the quality of rule these qualities to combine to give a definition for them:Well, fairness, deny oneself, brave, etc..But he have never be take the liberty to propose a concerning body of definition.How should this kind of superficial scarcity explain?The xu lattice tension bed adopt the tool that a kind go around in circles knowingly- does a kind allow the tool of the surface but anti thorough subject inside and its real nucleus of touch the subject only?But here than in the other anyplace, we all should surmise anti- language of the xu lattice tension bed more.Exactly and exactly this kind of naysay of the xu lattice tension bed answered to bring unexpected apocalypse of new sum for this subject, exactly this kind of naysay answerback told us positive notion of the xu lattice tension bed in personam notion:Our unique out of the question uses the nature that the tool of probe into the physics nature of a thing detects the body.The physics res can describe sur their objective attribute, but body only the energy describes the sum definition sur his consciousness.This truth proposed an all new problem, this problem impossibly is resolve by our ordinary search method.In the ex- xu lattice tension bed philosophy use of that kind of the experience observation and logic analysis, be prove here is a not enough sum inadequacy of.Because only have in we with the direct intercourse of the human being, the characteristic of our ability insight into body.To apprehend the body, we must be for all practical purpose to face the body, must face to face and body intercommunion.Thereupon, the section of the out of the ordinary of the xu lattice tension bed philosophy does not lie in on growing the new and objective contents , but lie in exactly on growing the new mind activity and functions.Philosophy, was always look before this is on growing the rational soliloquy, the present then transformed into a kind to have a conversation.Only lean against the dialogue type of that is the mind activity of the dialectical, we then can hit the discernment toward the human being nature.Before, the verity was always look should be some to grow the available thing, it can depend to reason the alone struggle of but is hold, and can deliver the sum to inform with ease to the others.But the xu lattice tension bed is no longer contented with this kind of point of view.The Plato says in 《 Utopia 》 , going toward one personal soul amid the infusion verity, is similar for a born blind person with the sight for the image is impossible.The verity is ideological produce of the dialectical in regard to its nature.Thereupon, if the impassability cooperates constantly in reciprocal withdraw ask with answer over the people, verity impossible acquisition.Thereupon, one object of the kind experience of the verity anti image, it must be apprehend for is on growing the social mobile produce.At the here, we acquire the in re" what body is?" New and indirect result of this subject.The body was assert for should investigate the entity res of his per se continuously- an at he exist pr. pr. superscriptions must quaere the entity res that the sum scans his subsistence condition.The real worth of the human being subsistence, exactly inhere in this kind of scans to win, this kind of criticism attitude that lives to the human being of inhere in amid.The xu lattice tension bed says in 《 article of pleadings 》 :" The subsistence that a kind has not yet to scan repay not equal to without of good." We can generalize the mind that the lattice of xu pulls the bed to say, he define body as:The body is an entity res that can give the rationality answerback to the rationality subject.The knowledge and moralitieses of the body all include in this kind of circulatory question and answer activity.Depend on this kind of fundamental capability exactly- make a capability of answerback response to the oneself and others, the body becomes a" accountable" responsible entity res, becoming a morality master.