急求人教版初中英语语法重点~~~~~~
越详细越好~~~注重准确率~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~谢谢比如decidetodosth.=makeadecisiontodosth.决定做某事...
越详细越好~~~
注重准确率~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~谢谢
比如decide to do sth.=make a decision to do sth.决定做某事 展开
注重准确率~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~谢谢
比如decide to do sth.=make a decision to do sth.决定做某事 展开
2个回答
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初中英语语法总结
( 动词的时态)
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on
Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时
的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour
ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a
warm welcome.
那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如:It is
time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ,例如It is time you
went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you
came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope
等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在
。例如:I thought
you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过
去时。
11.4 一般将来时
1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例
如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?
2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next
month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a
storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。
3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如:
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for
it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new
clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,
return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。
2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3)在时间或条件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
比尔来后,让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。
4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the
room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,
return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作
或状态。其构成:have
(has) +过去分词。
11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过
去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just
now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,
till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already,
recently, lately 等。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work,
study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become,
get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in
1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have
come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。
注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)I have received his letter for a month.
(对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to
study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to
get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has
been married for six years.
11.13 since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past
six)。例如:
I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。
2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如:
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。
3) since +从句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
我考上研究生有两年了。
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several
times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。
11.15 过去完成时
1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean,
suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon
as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living
by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he
arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she
___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written,
had left D. were writing, had left
答案D.
"把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完
成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此
前一句应用过去进行时。
注意: had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。
2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.17 将来完成时
1) 构成will have done
2) 概念
a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
明天此时,你已经到达上海了。
11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法:
a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:
Mr. Green is writing another novel.
他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forever
等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but
still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost,
haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用
于否定式时可用于完成时。
11.19 不用进行时的动词
1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include,
contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two
brothers. 我有两兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose,
imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget,
prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help.
我需要你的帮助。
He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow,
decide, refuse等。例如:
I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。
4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get,
become, turn等。例如:
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。
11.20 过去进行时
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday,
from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt
himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C.
割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景
,因此用过去进行时。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was
falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when,
while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发
生。句意为
"在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick
( 动词的时态)
11.1 一般现在时的用法
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on
Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。
2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。
3) 表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:
I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。
比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。
第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时
的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
11.2 一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour
ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a
warm welcome.
那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"。例如:It is
time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" ,例如It is time you
went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you
came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope
等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在
。例如:I thought
you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。
be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:
He is used to a vegetarian diet.
Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。
典型例题
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过
去时。
11.4 一般将来时
1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例
如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?
2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next
month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a
storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。
3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。
4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
11.5 be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如:
If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for
it as soon as possible.
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new
clothes on you in front of the mirror.
11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)
11.7 一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,
return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。
2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
3)在时间或条件句中。例如:
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
比尔来后,让他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。
4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the
room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。
11.8 用现在进行时表示将来
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin,
return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?
11.9 现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作
或状态。其构成:have
(has) +过去分词。
11.10 比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过
去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。
2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just
now等,皆为具体的时间状语。
现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,
till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。
共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already,
recently, lately 等。
3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work,
study, know.。
一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become,
get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)
I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)
Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)
He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)
句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in
1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。
(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
11.11 用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
这是我第一次访问这城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。
典型例题
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have
come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。
注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)I have received his letter for a month.
(对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
11.12 比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:
I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。
I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。
注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to
study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to
get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has
been married for six years.
11.13 since的四种用法
1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past
six)。例如:
I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。
2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如:
I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。
3) since +从句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。
Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。
4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
我考上研究生有两年了。
11.14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2) 用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several
times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。
11.15 过去完成时
1) 概念:表示过去的过去
----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
那时以前 那时 现在
2) 用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:
She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。
b. 状语从句
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。
c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean,
suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon
as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living
by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he
arrived at the party.
汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。
典型例题
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she
___ in the office.
A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. had written,
had left D. were writing, had left
答案D.
"把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完
成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此
前一句应用过去进行时。
注意: had hardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。
11.16 用一般过去时代替过去完成时
1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。
2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
11.17 将来完成时
1) 构成will have done
2) 概念
a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。
b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
明天此时,你已经到达上海了。
11.18 现在进行时
现在进行时的基本用法:
a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:
We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。
b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:
Mr. Green is writing another novel.
他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)
c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:
The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。
It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。
d. 与always, constantly, forever
等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:
You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but
still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find C. has lost,
haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用
于否定式时可用于完成时。
11.19 不用进行时的动词
1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include,
contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two
brothers. 我有两兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。
2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose,
imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget,
prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help.
我需要你的帮助。
He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。
3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow,
decide, refuse等。例如:
I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。
4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get,
become, turn等。例如:
You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。
11.20 过去进行时
1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。
3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday,
from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt
himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。
It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。
典型例题
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C.
割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景
,因此用过去进行时。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was
falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when,
while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发
生。句意为
"在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick
展开全部
语法专项—代词
代词是代替名词的词。在英语中代词分为八类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词。
在本讲中我们着重小结一下人称代词、物主代词及指示代词的用法。
(一)人称代词
人称代词有人称、数和格的变化。
1.主格的用法
(1)作主语
e.g. I am a worker. You are a student. 我是工人。你是学生。
You, she and I all enjoy music. 你、我、她都喜欢音乐。
(2)作表语
e.g. Who is it? 谁呀?
It's me! 我。
It is she who helps me with German.
是她帮助我学德语。
2.宾格的用法
(1)作及物动词的宾语
e.g. Mr Li teaches us English.
李老师教我们英语。
Please tell him not to talk in class.
请告诉他不要在课堂上讲话。
(2)作介词的宾语
e.g. She likes English and she is good at it.
她喜欢并擅长英语。
Come and sit between her and me.
来坐在她和我当中。
※①人称代词it除可代替事物之外,还可指时间、天气、距离等:
e.g. It's ten o'clock. 现在十点了。
It's going to rain soon. 天快下雨了。
It's three miles to the school. 到学校有三英里远。
②两个以上不同人称代词连用,为表示礼貌和谦虚,排列次序总是习惯将第二、三人称代词放在前面,将第一人称代词放在后面。
e.g. You, he and I are all students. 我、你和他都是学生。
The teacher asked you, him and me to go to his office.
老师叫我、你还有他去一趟他的办公室。
(二)物主代词
物主代词有形容词物主代词和名词性物主代词两种,其形式如下:
1.形容词性物主代词用作定语,修饰后面的名词。
e.g. my childhood 我的童年 our school 我们学校
his friend 他的朋友 her students 她的学生
their classmates 他们的同学
2.名词性物主代词用作主语、表语和宾语
e.g. His brother is a driver; mine is a soldier and hers is a teacher.
他的哥哥是个司机;我的哥哥是个军人;她的哥哥是个教师。(主语)
These bags are not ours. They are theirs.
这些书包不是我们的,是他们的。(表语)
You may use my bike and I may use hers.
你可以用我的自行车,我用她的。(宾语)
※名词性的物主代词用作名词,因此,其后不能再跟名词,名词性的物主代词可与of构成短语作定语。
e.g. He is friend of mine. 他是我的一个朋友。
This is an old photo of his. 这是他的一张老照片。
(三)指示代词
指示代词有this, that, these, those.
1.指示代词在句中代替名词,可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
e.g. This is a washing machine.
这是洗衣机。(主语)
I like this (these), while she likes that (those).
我喜欢这个(这些),而她喜欢那个(那些)。(宾语)
What I want is this.
我要的是这个。(表语)
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
这张图片比那张图片漂亮。(定语)
2.this (these)一般用来指时间或空间上较近的人或物,而that (those)则常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。
e.g. These are cars. Those are trucks. 这些是轿车,那些是卡车。
these days 这些日子
that day 那天
in those days 在那些年代里
3.this和these常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;而that或those常指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。
e.g. What I want to tell you is this:The meeting is to put off till Friday.
我要告诉你的是这么一件事:会议推迟至星期五。
He had a bad cold. That is why he didn't come to school.
他患了重感冒,这就是他为什么没有上学的原因。
语法专项——名词与冠词的用法
同步教学
主讲人:黄冈中学高级教师 瞿丽娅
在本讲中我们系统地复习一下名词与冠词的用法。
一、名词的定义及分类
(一)名词的意义:表示人、事物或抽象概念的词。
e.g. student, desk, Wuhan
(二)名词的种类:名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。
1.专有名词:具体人、事物、地点或机构的专有名称。
2.普通名词:表示某一类人或某事物的名称。普通名词又可细分为:
(1)个体名词:
e.g. doctor, tree
(2)集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称。
e.g. class, family, people
(3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质。
e.g. rice, water, paper
(4)抽象名词:表示抽象概念的词。
e.g. health, friendship.
二、名词的数
(一)可数名词(个体名词和集体名词):有单复数形式。
e.g. a car→two cars a city→six cities
可数名词复数形式构成法:
1.规则变化
(1)绝大多数名词的复数形式是在名词词尾加s.
e.g. desk—desks map—maps day—days
bag—bags face—faces house—houses
(2)以字母s, sh, ch, x为结尾和以辅音字母+o结尾的名词,在词尾加es.
e.g. bus—buses brush—brushes
watch—watches box—boxes
tomato—tomatoes potato—potatoes
但piano—pianos radio—radios photo—photos等例外。
(3)以字母f或fe结尾的名词,要把f或fe改为v,再加es。
e.g. life—lives leaf—leaves knife—knives
(4)以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的名词,要变y为i,再加es。
e.g. factory—factories baby—babies dictionary—dictionaries
2.不规则变化
(1)改变单数名词中的元音字母。
e.g. man—men woman—women
foot—feet tooth—teeth
(2)单、复数形式相同。
e.g. a sheep—two sheep a deer—six deer
(3)其他形式。
e.g. a child—many children a mouse—five mice
(4)表示民族的名词,单、复数形式因习惯而不同。
①单、复数形式相同:a Chinese—two Chinese
a Japanese—six Japanese
②词尾加s:a Russian—four Russians
a German—five Germans
③变man为men:an Englishman—seven Englishmen
an Englishwoman—two Englishwomen
(5)复合名词变复数时,有以下几种情况:
①一般只把复合名词中的主体名词变为复数。
e.g. looker (s) -on旁观者 passer (s) -by过路人
②有些复合名词,要各部分都变复数形式。
e.g.woman doctor—some women doctors
a man teacher—two men teachers
※在初中阶段只有用man和woman构成的复合形容词属于此类。
e.g. a boy student—some boy students
(二)不可数名词(物质名词和抽象名词):一般用单数形式,但以下几种情况需要注意。
1.物质名词在表示不同类别时,可用复数。
e.g. fruit 水果—fruits 各种水果
fish 鱼—fishes各种鱼
2.有些物质名词的单、复数形式表示不同含义。
e.g. snow 雪—snows 积雪 green 绿色—greens 青菜
cloth 布—clothes 衣服 poor 贫穷—poors 穷人
3.物质名词在表示数量时,常用表示数量的“of”词组来表示。of之前表示数量的名词,可根据情况用单数或复数。of之后,如果是物质名词,用单数;如果是可数名词,则用复数。
e.g. a cup of tea 一杯茶
three boxes of matches 三盒火柴
4.有些抽象名词,用复数形式时,另有别的含义。
e.g. time 时间—times 时代 work 工作—works 著作
三、名词的格
(一)名词的格:英语中,名词有三种格——主格(作主语)、宾格(作宾语)和所有格。其中只有所有格有形式变化。
(二)名词的所有格:名词中表示“所有”关系的形式叫名词所有格。所有格的构成有以下几种:
1.表示有生命(人或动物)的名词的所有格,一般在名词词尾加“'s”。
e.g. my father's study 我父亲的书房
(1)词尾是s或es的复数名词,末尾加“'”。
e.g. the teachers' reading room 教员阅览室
the workers' rest-home 工人疗养院
(2)词尾不是s的复数名词,要加“'s”。
e.g. the people's needs 人民的需要
women's rights 妇女的权利
(3)如果一样东西为两人共有,则只在后一个名词的词尾加“'s”;如果不是共有,则两个名词的词尾都要加“'s”。
e.g. Jane and Helen's room 珍妮和海伦的房间(共有)
Bill's and Tom's radios
比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机(不共有,表示两人各有一台收音机)
(4)在表示店铺、某人的家时,名词所有格的后面一般省掉它所修饰的名词。
e.g. at the doctor's 在诊所
(5)有些指时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命名词,也可以加“'s”或“'”表示所有格。
e.g. half an hour's lesson 半小时的讲课
Shanghai's factories 上海的工厂
ten minutes' walk 十分钟的路程
2.表示无生命东西的名词,一般与of连用表示所有关系。
e.g. a map of China中国地图
the workshop of the factory 工厂的车间
3.“of词组+所有格”的用法:在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词(如a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those等)时,常用“of词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有格的关系。
e.g. a friend of my father's (= one of my father's friends) 我父亲的一个朋友
two brothers of his 他的两个兄弟
some inventions of Edison's 爱迪生的一些发明
a picture of his uncle's 他叔叔的一张照片
(试比较: a picture of his uncle 一张他叔叔本人的照片)
四、冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an)和定冠词(the)两种。
(一)不定冠词的用法
不定冠词用在单数名词前面,表示“一”或“一个”。冠词a用在以辅音发音开头的单词之前,an用在以元音发音开头的单词之前。
1.当我们第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍作用。
e.g. —What is he? 他是干什么的?
— He is a teacher. 他是位教师。
2.冠词a (an) 用在单数名词前,可表示以其一代表其类别。
e.g. A horse is a useful animal.
马是一种有用的动物。
A bike is very useful in the countryside.
自行车在农村很有用。
(二)定冠词的用法
1.需要加定冠词的地方:
(1)前面已经提到过的人或事前加定冠词。
There is a girl and an old man sitting in the corner of the room. I think the man must be the girl's father.
在房间角落里坐着一个姑娘和一个老人,我想那老人一定是那姑娘的父亲。
I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is now on the desk.
我昨天买了一本字典。这本字典现放在桌子上。
(2)说话人与听话人都知道所指的事物前加定冠词。
Close the door, please. 请把门关上。
(3)在序数词前加定冠词。
He is always the last one to come and the first one to leave.
他总是最后一个来,第一个离开。
I live on the second floor.
我住在二楼。
(4)在形容词的最高级前加定冠词。
Mary is the best student in our class.
玛丽是我们班最好的学生。
(5)在江河、山脉前加定冠词。
the Yellow River 黄河
the Himalayas 喜玛拉雅山脉
(6)宇宙空间中独一无二的东西前加定冠词。
the sun 太阳 the sky 天空
the moon 月亮 the earth 地球
the world 世界
(7)报刊杂志前加定冠词。
the People's Daily 人民日报
(8)表示某一家要加定冠词。
the Browns 布朗一家 the Wangs 王家
(9)定冠词与形容词连用表示某一类人。
the rich 富人 the poor 穷人
the deaf 聋子 the blind 瞎子
(二)不需要用冠词的地方:
1.当我们说到某种名词表示一般含义时,可省去冠词。
e.g. I like flowers.
我喜爱花。
Milk is white
牛奶是白色的。
Desks and chairs are usually made of wood.
桌椅通常是木制的。
2.国名、地名、人名前不加冠词。
e.g. China 中国 Japan 日本 Beijing 北京 Wuhan 武汉
England 英格兰 Mary 玛丽 Wang Hong 王红
3.餐名前无冠词。
e.g. I like rice for supper.
我喜欢晚餐吃米饭。
Let's go out to dinner.
我们到外面去吃饭吧!
4.名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every等代词时,不用冠词。
e.g. That is my schoolbag
那是我的书包。
Every student of our class studies hard.
我们班每个同学都努力学习。
He works in this factory.
他在这家工厂工作。
5.季节、月份、星期几等名称前,一般不用冠词。
e.g. Spring has come.
春天来了。
It is Friday today.
今天是星期五。
New term begins in September.
新学期于九月开始。
6.在某些固定词组里,名词前常不用冠词。
e.g. by air 乘飞机 at night 夜间
after school 放学后 at home 在家
in town 在城里 go to school 上学去
go to bed 去睡觉 go to class 去上课
from morning till night 从早到晚
7.球类运动、棋类游戏名词前不用冠词。
e.g. Lim Ming likes to play football.
李明喜欢踢足球。
Let's go and watch them play chess.
让我们去看他们下棋去。
8.在以Day结尾的节日、假日等名称之前不用冠词。
e.g. New year's Day 元旦
National Day 国庆节
May Day 五一劳动节
Children's Day 儿童节
9.抽象名词和物质名词不用冠词。
e.g. love 爱 glass 玻璃 water 水
10.在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不用冠词:
e.g. Uncle Wang likes making things.
王叔叔喜欢制作东西。
What colour are Mr. Green's shoes?
格林先生的鞋是什么颜色
代词是代替名词的词。在英语中代词分为八类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词。
在本讲中我们着重小结一下人称代词、物主代词及指示代词的用法。
(一)人称代词
人称代词有人称、数和格的变化。
1.主格的用法
(1)作主语
e.g. I am a worker. You are a student. 我是工人。你是学生。
You, she and I all enjoy music. 你、我、她都喜欢音乐。
(2)作表语
e.g. Who is it? 谁呀?
It's me! 我。
It is she who helps me with German.
是她帮助我学德语。
2.宾格的用法
(1)作及物动词的宾语
e.g. Mr Li teaches us English.
李老师教我们英语。
Please tell him not to talk in class.
请告诉他不要在课堂上讲话。
(2)作介词的宾语
e.g. She likes English and she is good at it.
她喜欢并擅长英语。
Come and sit between her and me.
来坐在她和我当中。
※①人称代词it除可代替事物之外,还可指时间、天气、距离等:
e.g. It's ten o'clock. 现在十点了。
It's going to rain soon. 天快下雨了。
It's three miles to the school. 到学校有三英里远。
②两个以上不同人称代词连用,为表示礼貌和谦虚,排列次序总是习惯将第二、三人称代词放在前面,将第一人称代词放在后面。
e.g. You, he and I are all students. 我、你和他都是学生。
The teacher asked you, him and me to go to his office.
老师叫我、你还有他去一趟他的办公室。
(二)物主代词
物主代词有形容词物主代词和名词性物主代词两种,其形式如下:
1.形容词性物主代词用作定语,修饰后面的名词。
e.g. my childhood 我的童年 our school 我们学校
his friend 他的朋友 her students 她的学生
their classmates 他们的同学
2.名词性物主代词用作主语、表语和宾语
e.g. His brother is a driver; mine is a soldier and hers is a teacher.
他的哥哥是个司机;我的哥哥是个军人;她的哥哥是个教师。(主语)
These bags are not ours. They are theirs.
这些书包不是我们的,是他们的。(表语)
You may use my bike and I may use hers.
你可以用我的自行车,我用她的。(宾语)
※名词性的物主代词用作名词,因此,其后不能再跟名词,名词性的物主代词可与of构成短语作定语。
e.g. He is friend of mine. 他是我的一个朋友。
This is an old photo of his. 这是他的一张老照片。
(三)指示代词
指示代词有this, that, these, those.
1.指示代词在句中代替名词,可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
e.g. This is a washing machine.
这是洗衣机。(主语)
I like this (these), while she likes that (those).
我喜欢这个(这些),而她喜欢那个(那些)。(宾语)
What I want is this.
我要的是这个。(表语)
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
这张图片比那张图片漂亮。(定语)
2.this (these)一般用来指时间或空间上较近的人或物,而that (those)则常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。
e.g. These are cars. Those are trucks. 这些是轿车,那些是卡车。
these days 这些日子
that day 那天
in those days 在那些年代里
3.this和these常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;而that或those常指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。
e.g. What I want to tell you is this:The meeting is to put off till Friday.
我要告诉你的是这么一件事:会议推迟至星期五。
He had a bad cold. That is why he didn't come to school.
他患了重感冒,这就是他为什么没有上学的原因。
语法专项——名词与冠词的用法
同步教学
主讲人:黄冈中学高级教师 瞿丽娅
在本讲中我们系统地复习一下名词与冠词的用法。
一、名词的定义及分类
(一)名词的意义:表示人、事物或抽象概念的词。
e.g. student, desk, Wuhan
(二)名词的种类:名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。
1.专有名词:具体人、事物、地点或机构的专有名称。
2.普通名词:表示某一类人或某事物的名称。普通名词又可细分为:
(1)个体名词:
e.g. doctor, tree
(2)集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称。
e.g. class, family, people
(3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质。
e.g. rice, water, paper
(4)抽象名词:表示抽象概念的词。
e.g. health, friendship.
二、名词的数
(一)可数名词(个体名词和集体名词):有单复数形式。
e.g. a car→two cars a city→six cities
可数名词复数形式构成法:
1.规则变化
(1)绝大多数名词的复数形式是在名词词尾加s.
e.g. desk—desks map—maps day—days
bag—bags face—faces house—houses
(2)以字母s, sh, ch, x为结尾和以辅音字母+o结尾的名词,在词尾加es.
e.g. bus—buses brush—brushes
watch—watches box—boxes
tomato—tomatoes potato—potatoes
但piano—pianos radio—radios photo—photos等例外。
(3)以字母f或fe结尾的名词,要把f或fe改为v,再加es。
e.g. life—lives leaf—leaves knife—knives
(4)以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的名词,要变y为i,再加es。
e.g. factory—factories baby—babies dictionary—dictionaries
2.不规则变化
(1)改变单数名词中的元音字母。
e.g. man—men woman—women
foot—feet tooth—teeth
(2)单、复数形式相同。
e.g. a sheep—two sheep a deer—six deer
(3)其他形式。
e.g. a child—many children a mouse—five mice
(4)表示民族的名词,单、复数形式因习惯而不同。
①单、复数形式相同:a Chinese—two Chinese
a Japanese—six Japanese
②词尾加s:a Russian—four Russians
a German—five Germans
③变man为men:an Englishman—seven Englishmen
an Englishwoman—two Englishwomen
(5)复合名词变复数时,有以下几种情况:
①一般只把复合名词中的主体名词变为复数。
e.g. looker (s) -on旁观者 passer (s) -by过路人
②有些复合名词,要各部分都变复数形式。
e.g.woman doctor—some women doctors
a man teacher—two men teachers
※在初中阶段只有用man和woman构成的复合形容词属于此类。
e.g. a boy student—some boy students
(二)不可数名词(物质名词和抽象名词):一般用单数形式,但以下几种情况需要注意。
1.物质名词在表示不同类别时,可用复数。
e.g. fruit 水果—fruits 各种水果
fish 鱼—fishes各种鱼
2.有些物质名词的单、复数形式表示不同含义。
e.g. snow 雪—snows 积雪 green 绿色—greens 青菜
cloth 布—clothes 衣服 poor 贫穷—poors 穷人
3.物质名词在表示数量时,常用表示数量的“of”词组来表示。of之前表示数量的名词,可根据情况用单数或复数。of之后,如果是物质名词,用单数;如果是可数名词,则用复数。
e.g. a cup of tea 一杯茶
three boxes of matches 三盒火柴
4.有些抽象名词,用复数形式时,另有别的含义。
e.g. time 时间—times 时代 work 工作—works 著作
三、名词的格
(一)名词的格:英语中,名词有三种格——主格(作主语)、宾格(作宾语)和所有格。其中只有所有格有形式变化。
(二)名词的所有格:名词中表示“所有”关系的形式叫名词所有格。所有格的构成有以下几种:
1.表示有生命(人或动物)的名词的所有格,一般在名词词尾加“'s”。
e.g. my father's study 我父亲的书房
(1)词尾是s或es的复数名词,末尾加“'”。
e.g. the teachers' reading room 教员阅览室
the workers' rest-home 工人疗养院
(2)词尾不是s的复数名词,要加“'s”。
e.g. the people's needs 人民的需要
women's rights 妇女的权利
(3)如果一样东西为两人共有,则只在后一个名词的词尾加“'s”;如果不是共有,则两个名词的词尾都要加“'s”。
e.g. Jane and Helen's room 珍妮和海伦的房间(共有)
Bill's and Tom's radios
比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机(不共有,表示两人各有一台收音机)
(4)在表示店铺、某人的家时,名词所有格的后面一般省掉它所修饰的名词。
e.g. at the doctor's 在诊所
(5)有些指时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命名词,也可以加“'s”或“'”表示所有格。
e.g. half an hour's lesson 半小时的讲课
Shanghai's factories 上海的工厂
ten minutes' walk 十分钟的路程
2.表示无生命东西的名词,一般与of连用表示所有关系。
e.g. a map of China中国地图
the workshop of the factory 工厂的车间
3.“of词组+所有格”的用法:在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词(如a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those等)时,常用“of词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有格的关系。
e.g. a friend of my father's (= one of my father's friends) 我父亲的一个朋友
two brothers of his 他的两个兄弟
some inventions of Edison's 爱迪生的一些发明
a picture of his uncle's 他叔叔的一张照片
(试比较: a picture of his uncle 一张他叔叔本人的照片)
四、冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an)和定冠词(the)两种。
(一)不定冠词的用法
不定冠词用在单数名词前面,表示“一”或“一个”。冠词a用在以辅音发音开头的单词之前,an用在以元音发音开头的单词之前。
1.当我们第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍作用。
e.g. —What is he? 他是干什么的?
— He is a teacher. 他是位教师。
2.冠词a (an) 用在单数名词前,可表示以其一代表其类别。
e.g. A horse is a useful animal.
马是一种有用的动物。
A bike is very useful in the countryside.
自行车在农村很有用。
(二)定冠词的用法
1.需要加定冠词的地方:
(1)前面已经提到过的人或事前加定冠词。
There is a girl and an old man sitting in the corner of the room. I think the man must be the girl's father.
在房间角落里坐着一个姑娘和一个老人,我想那老人一定是那姑娘的父亲。
I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is now on the desk.
我昨天买了一本字典。这本字典现放在桌子上。
(2)说话人与听话人都知道所指的事物前加定冠词。
Close the door, please. 请把门关上。
(3)在序数词前加定冠词。
He is always the last one to come and the first one to leave.
他总是最后一个来,第一个离开。
I live on the second floor.
我住在二楼。
(4)在形容词的最高级前加定冠词。
Mary is the best student in our class.
玛丽是我们班最好的学生。
(5)在江河、山脉前加定冠词。
the Yellow River 黄河
the Himalayas 喜玛拉雅山脉
(6)宇宙空间中独一无二的东西前加定冠词。
the sun 太阳 the sky 天空
the moon 月亮 the earth 地球
the world 世界
(7)报刊杂志前加定冠词。
the People's Daily 人民日报
(8)表示某一家要加定冠词。
the Browns 布朗一家 the Wangs 王家
(9)定冠词与形容词连用表示某一类人。
the rich 富人 the poor 穷人
the deaf 聋子 the blind 瞎子
(二)不需要用冠词的地方:
1.当我们说到某种名词表示一般含义时,可省去冠词。
e.g. I like flowers.
我喜爱花。
Milk is white
牛奶是白色的。
Desks and chairs are usually made of wood.
桌椅通常是木制的。
2.国名、地名、人名前不加冠词。
e.g. China 中国 Japan 日本 Beijing 北京 Wuhan 武汉
England 英格兰 Mary 玛丽 Wang Hong 王红
3.餐名前无冠词。
e.g. I like rice for supper.
我喜欢晚餐吃米饭。
Let's go out to dinner.
我们到外面去吃饭吧!
4.名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every等代词时,不用冠词。
e.g. That is my schoolbag
那是我的书包。
Every student of our class studies hard.
我们班每个同学都努力学习。
He works in this factory.
他在这家工厂工作。
5.季节、月份、星期几等名称前,一般不用冠词。
e.g. Spring has come.
春天来了。
It is Friday today.
今天是星期五。
New term begins in September.
新学期于九月开始。
6.在某些固定词组里,名词前常不用冠词。
e.g. by air 乘飞机 at night 夜间
after school 放学后 at home 在家
in town 在城里 go to school 上学去
go to bed 去睡觉 go to class 去上课
from morning till night 从早到晚
7.球类运动、棋类游戏名词前不用冠词。
e.g. Lim Ming likes to play football.
李明喜欢踢足球。
Let's go and watch them play chess.
让我们去看他们下棋去。
8.在以Day结尾的节日、假日等名称之前不用冠词。
e.g. New year's Day 元旦
National Day 国庆节
May Day 五一劳动节
Children's Day 儿童节
9.抽象名词和物质名词不用冠词。
e.g. love 爱 glass 玻璃 water 水
10.在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不用冠词:
e.g. Uncle Wang likes making things.
王叔叔喜欢制作东西。
What colour are Mr. Green's shoes?
格林先生的鞋是什么颜色
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