Question

高分悬赏，帮忙翻译一篇文章，中翻英。事后追分，相信我。晚上要！

下面的文章：
地址如下：http://hi.baidu.com/walking_xiao/blog/item/8f95b708652cdfd663d986ab.html 可以调部分翻译
--结束
是不是用翻译软件翻的啊

Answer 1

U.S. computer to the computer classification of materials in general using two classification criteria: According to the main circuit to points, the computer is divided into the first generation of vacuum tube computers, computers and other second-generation transistors ... ... this is actually the history of development of mainframe; by hardware sub-divided into supercomputer, mainframe, mid-sized machine, minicomputer, microcomputer, etc., this classification method is also old too old, because some of the performance of the server than in the past but also strong mainframe. In view of this, the above classifications and unreasonable, in the network is becoming increasingly popular today. We should re-examine the computer's classification criteria.

Reclassified according to age

1. Reclassified according to age

Reclassified according to age, you can put the computer is divided into:

(1) mainframe stage, the 20th century, 40-50 years, are the first generation of vacuum tube computers. Experienced a tube digital computer, transistor digital computers, integrated circuits, digital computers and large-scale integrated circuits the development process of digital computers, computer technology has gradually matured. ;

(2) Small Computer stages 60-70 during the 20th century, are of large host the first "narrow" and to meet the small and medium-sized units of information processing requirements, lower cost, the price may be accepted;

(3) micro-computer stage, the 20th century, 70-80 years, are of large mainframe second "narrow" and the United States in 1976 Apple was established in 1977 launched a AppleII on computer, great success. 1981 IBM launched IBM-PC, since then it has undergone a number of generations of evolution, the occupation of the personal computer market, making personal computers has been a great deal of popularity;

(4) client / server phase, the C / S stage. With the 1964 IBM and American Airlines established the first global on-line booking system, put the United States at the time of booking more than 2000 terminals using telephone lines to connect together, marking the computer into the client / server stage model is still widely used. In client / server network, servers are the core of the network, and client networks are the basis for the client to rely on the server to obtain the required network resources, while the server for the client must provide network resources. C / S structure are able to give full play to the advantages of client PC's processing capability, a lot of work on the client and then submitted to deal with servers, greatly reduces the pressure on server;

(5) Internet stage, also known as the Internet, Internet, Internet stage. That is, the Internet WAN, LAN and stand-alone communication protocol in accordance with certain of the international computer network. Internet began in 1969, are in the ARPA (the U.S. Department of Defense Research Projects Agency) under an agreement to develop the southwestern United States universities (UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles Campus), StanfordResearchInstitute (Stanford University Research Institute), UCSB ( University of California) and UniversityofUtah (University of Utah)) of the four major computer linking. Since then experienced a text to picture, and now voice, video and other stage, the bandwidth getting faster and faster growing function. The characteristics of the Internet are: global, mass sex, anonymous sex, interactive sex, growth, and flat, and real-time, multimedia, and addiction, sexual hubbub. The significance of the Internet should not be underestimated. It is a human into a solid step in the global village;

(6) Cloud Computing era, from 2008, Cloud Computing (Cloud Computing) concept of progressive pop up, it is becoming a popular and mass (Popular) terms. Cloud computing as "a revolutionary computing model", as it allows super-computing power via the Internet free flow became possible. Enterprises and individual users no longer need to purchase expensive hardware investment costs, is only required to purchase the lease through the Internet computing power, users only the functionality necessary for themselves to pay, while the elimination of traditional software in the hardware, software, the cost of professional skills. Cloud computing allows users from the technical and deployment on the complexity of the applications received. Cloud computing encompasses the development, architecture, load balancing and business models and so on, are the software industry in the future model. It is based on Web services to Internet-centric.

2. Why must it be so classified

According to this classification, you can more fully reflect the rapid development of information technology, not just the first generation of mainframe development stage. In fact, from the first generation of mainframe use of ultra-large-scale integrated circuits to the present, all the computers are used in almost all the ultra-large-scale integrated circuits. This classification, there was no requirement at all stages of the specific start time, because their development is not simply Tandem relationship, but parallel development. That is to say, which is not in the specific point in time, all the mainframe into a minicomputer, and Minicomputer also did not completely replace the mainframe, they are co-exist. But one thing must be noted, mainframe, mini-computers and high-grade micro-computer in the server field of the main job (the following should be mentioned).

Reclassified according to the hardware

In addition, there are the people classified by the size of the hardware, put the computer into a giant computer, large computers, medium-sized computers, mini computers, micro-computers. Some sounds reasonable, but this classification is defined in 1989, after 20 years of development, this classification clearly has become obsolete, because the majority of the 80's server has been eliminated, and now some of the server than then the function of large-scale computer still strong, but much smaller. Therefore, it is by someone the computer hardware to re-classification, divided into: servers, workstations, desktops, notebook computers, handheld devices five categories.

(1) server: server, called the English Server, refers specifically to certain high-performance computers, through the network, external provision of services. Compared to ordinary computer, the stability, security, performance, etc. are more demanding, so in the CPU, chipset, memory, disk systems, networks and general computer hardware is different. Servers are network nodes, storage, 80 percent deal with network data,Information, in the network play a decisive role. They are for the client computer provides a variety of services, high-performance computers, mainly reflected in its high-performance high-speed computing power, a long period of reliable operation, a strong external data handling capacity and so on. Server components and general computer similar, but also have the processor, hard disk, memory, system bus, but because it is a specific web application specifically designed, so server and PC in the treatment capacity, stability, reliability, security , scalability, manageability and so very different;

(2) workstations: workstations English called Workstation, is a personal computer and distributed network computing as the foundation, mainly for professional applications, with powerful data computing and graphics, image processing capabilities, to meet the engineering design, animation production, scientific research, software development, financial management, information services, simulation and other specialized areas of design and development of high-performance computers. It belongs to a high-end computer, the general has a larger screen display and large-capacity memory and hard drive, also has a strong information processing capabilities and high-performance graphics, image processing functions and networking functions;

(3) desktop: desktop, called the English Desktop, also known as desktop machines, for the now very popular micro-computer, the majority of people at home and companies are used in desktop machines. The performance desktop laptop relatively strong;

(4) Laptop: Laptop English called Notebook Computer (referred to as NB) or Laptop, also known as hand-held computer or laptop (Hong Kong and Taiwan are known as notebook computer), is a small, portable personal computers, typically 1-3 kilograms of weight. It is similar to desktop architecture, but with better portability: including liquid crystal displays, which the smaller, lighter weight. Laptop except the keyboard, it also provided touchpad (TouchPad), or touch points (Pointing Stick), to provide a better positioning and input capabilities. Laptop can be broadly divided into 4 categories: business type, fashion-based, multimedia applications, special purpose. Business-based laptop in general can be summed up as mobile and strong, long battery life, many commercial software; fashion-type appearance of the main fashion for women; multimedia application-oriented laptop has a stronger graphics, image processing and multimedia capabilities, in particular are playing capability, for the enjoyment of products. Moreover, many multimedia laptop has a relatively strong independent graphics and sound card (both support high-definition), and has a larger screen; special purpose laptop are serving professionals in the heat, cold, low pressure, war harsh environment such as the use of models, some of the more bulky, such as pre-Olympic Games in the "base camp of Mount Qomolangma ASUS IT Service Area" Asus laptop used;

(5) handheld devices: handheld device, called the English Handheld, type more, such as PDA, SmartPhone, Smart mobile phone, 3G mobile phone, Netbook, EeePC, etc., which is characterized by small size. As the 3G era, handheld devices will be given a greater development, and its function will become increasingly strong.

Change the truth are the same, with the changing times, some really need to abandon the concept, and some re-definition of the standard required. Today, we come to re-examine the classification of computer standards, will help us better understand the computer and the use of computers.

Answer 2

Keeps pace with the times the computer classification standard to redefine in 2009 2yue09 the date Monday 10:48 to keep pace with the times the computer classification standard to redefine [02-09 06:29: 53] source: pconline Our computer teaching material when gives the computer classifies, generally uses two kind of classified standards: Divides according to the main electric circuit, divides into the computer the first generation of electron tube computer, the second generation of transistor computer and so on ......This is only actually the large-scale machinery development history; Divides according to the hardware, divides into the giant airplane, the large-scale machinery, the molding machine, the small machine, the miniature machine and so on, this classified method also is much older, because some server performance also had to be stronger than the past large-scale machinery.The taking this into consideration, above classified method is unreasonable, in network more and more popular today.We should carefully examine the computer the classified standard. The generation classifies yearly 1. generations classify yearly The generation classifies yearly, may divide into the computer: (1) large-scale main engine stage, the 20th century 40-50 age, is the first generation of electron tube computer.Has experienced the electron tube digital computer, the transistor digital computer, the integrated circuit digital computer and the large scale integrated circuit digital computer development course, the computer technology moves towards gradually maturely.; (2) minicomputer stage, the 20th century 60-70 age, is carries on first time “the downsizing” to the large-scale main engine, may satisfy the small and medium-sized enterprise institution the information processing request, the cost is low, the price may accept; (3) microcomputer stage, the 20th century 70-80 age, is carries on second time “the downsizing” to the large-scale main engine, in 1976 US Apple Company had been established, in 1977 has promoted the AppleII computer, attains greatly successfully.In 1981 IBM promoted IBM-PC, hereafter it has experienced certain generation of evolutions, has seized the personal computer market, enabled the personal computer to obtain the very big popularization; (4) client/server stage, namely C/S stage.IBM and US Airline has established the first global on-line order form system along with 1964, used electricity the American at that time more than 2000 order form terminals the telephone line connection in one, symbolized the computer entered the client/server stage, this kind of pattern still massively was using until now.In the client/server network, the server is the network core, but the client is the network foundation, the client dependence server obtains the network resources which needs, but the server provides the network for the client to have the resources.The C/S structure merit is can display client side PC fully the handling ability, very many work may again submit after client side processing gives the server, reduced the server pressure greatly; (5)Internet stage, also calls the Internet, the Internet, Internet stage.The Internet is WAN, the local area network and the single plane according to certain communication agreement composition international computer network.The Internet began in 1969, will be (the American Department of Defense studies under the agreement in ARPA which planning board) formulated the American north west university (UCLA (University of California Luo river cedar machine branch school), StanfordResearchInstitute (Shi Tanfu the university studies institute), UCSB (the University of California) and UniversityofUtah (Utah University))Four main computers connect.Hereafter experienced the text to arrive the picture, to stages and so on present pronunciation, video frequency, the band width is more and more quick, the function was more and more strong.The Internet characteristic is: The global character, magnanimous, anonymous, interactive, the growth potential, flat, the instantaneity, multimedia, the addictive nature, clamor the nature.The Internet significance should not underestimate.It is the humanity advances to global village solid one step; (6) cloud computation time, from 2008, the cloud computation (Cloud Computing) the concept is popular gradually, it is becoming one popular and the popular (Popular) words and expressions.The cloud computation is regarded as “the revolutionary computation model”, because it caused the super computation ability to circulate into the possibility freely through the Internet.The enterprise does not need with individual user to invest the expensive hardware purchase cost again, only needs through the Internet to purchase rents the computation strength, the user only uses the function which needs for oneself to pay money, simultaneously eliminates the traditional software in the hardware, the software, specialized skill aspect expenditure.But the cloud computation lets the user be separated from in technical and the deployment complexity the find application.The cloud computation included the development, the construction, the load balance and the business model and so on, will be the software industry future pattern.It based on the Web service, take the Internet as the center. Why 2. has to classify like this According to classifies like this, may reflect quite comprehensively the information technology progresses by leaps and bounds development, but is not merely the first generation of large-scale main engine development phase.In fact, uses the ultra large-scale integrated circuit from the first generation of large-scale main engine to start to the present, all computers nearly all use are the ultra large-scale integrated circuits.Like this classifies, has not stipulated each stage the concrete outset age, because their development is not simply the tandem relations, but is the parallel development.In other words, which time spot isn't in is concrete, all large-scale machinery turned the small machine, but the small machine completely has also not substituted for the large-scale machinery, they are coexisting.But has one point to have to have to pay attention, the large-scale main engine, the minicomputer and the upscale microcomputer mainly (under must mention) in the server domain work. Classifies according to the hardware Moreover, but also some people classify according to the hardware size, divides into the computer the supercomputer, the large-scale computer, the medium-size computer, the minicomputer, the microcomputer and so on.Sounds as if some truths, but this kind of classification was in 1989 defines, passed through 20 years development, this classified method already became obviously obsolete, because the 80's servers most have already been eliminated, moreover present some servers also had to be stronger than the same year large-scale computer function, but had to be much smaller actually.Therefore, some people classify now the computer according to the hardware, divide into: The server, the workstation, table model machine, the notebook computer, grasp the equipment five big kinds. (1) server: Server English named Server, refers to certain high performance computer specially, can through the network, foreign provide the service.Is opposite in the ordinary computer, aspects and so on stability, security, performance all request high, therefore in hardware and the ordinary computer and so on CPU, chip group, memory, floppy disk system, network differs from.The server is the network node, in the memory, the processing network 80% data, the information, plays the pivotal role in the network.They are provide each kind of service for the client side computer the high performance computer, its high performance mainly displays in high velocity aspects and so on operational capability, long time reliable movement, formidable exterior data handling capacity.The server constitution and the ordinary computer are similar, also has the processor, the hard disk, the memory, the system bus and so on, but because it is aims at the concrete network application to formulate specially, thus the server and the microcomputer in aspects and so on handling ability, stability, reliability, security, extendibility, manipuility have the difference to be very big; (2) workstation: Workstation English named Workstation, is one kind take the personal computer and the distribution network computation as a foundation, mainly faces the specialized application domain, has the formidable data operation and the graph, imagery processing ability, for satisfies the engineering design, the animation manufacture, the scientific research, the software development, the financial management, the information service, the simulation simulation and so on the professional field designs the development the high performance computer.It belongs to one kind of upscale computer, has the large screen monitor and the large capacity memory and the hard disk generally, also has the strong information processing function and the high performance graph, the imagery processing function as well as the networking function; (3) table model machine: Table model machine English named Desktop, also calls the tabletop machine, for the present extremely popular microcomputer, the machine which in most others and the company uses all is table model machine.The table model machine performance compares notebook computer striving to excel relatively; (4) notebook computer: Notebook computer English named Notebook Computer (i.e. NB) or Laptop, also called on the portable computer or the knee the computer (the Hong Kong and Taiwan area called it writes down computer), is one kind small, the portable personal computing, usual weight 1-3 kilogram.It and the table model machine construction are similar, but has provided a better portability: Including liquid-crystal display, small what kind of, light weight.Notebook computer besides keyboard, but also provided has touched controls board (TouchPad) or touches controls (Pointing Stick), has provided a better localization and the input function.The notebook computer may divide into 4 kinds on the whole: Commerce, fashion, multimedia applications, special use.The commerce notebook computer may summarize strongly generally for the mobility, the battery cruise duration long, the commercial software are many; The fashion outward appearance mainly aims at the fashion female; The multimedia application notebook computer has the strong graph, imagery processing ability and the multimedia abilities, broadcasts ability in particular, for enjoys the product.Moreover, the multimedia notebook computer has a stronger independence to reveal the card and the sound card (supports high clear), and has the big screen; The special use notebook computer is serves the professional, may type which in the intense summer heat, severely cold, the low atmospheric pressure, the war and so on under the adverse circumstance uses, some unwieldy, for instance Olympic Games earlier period in “Chinese large Mount Everest supreme headquarters IT service area” use Chinese large notebook computer; (5) grasps the equipment: Hand-hold equipment English named Handheld, the type are many, like PDA, SmartPhone, the intelligent handset, the 3G handset, Netbook, EeePC and so on, their characteristic is the volume is small.Along with the 3G time arrival, will grasp the equipment to be able to obtain a bigger development, its function will also be able to be more and more strong. Changes is the invariable truth, along with the time vicissitude, some ideas indeed needs to abandon, some standards need to redefine.Today we come to carefully examine the computer the classified standard, is advantageous understands the computer well in us, and uses the computer.

Answer 3

With the computer to redefine the classification standards
computers, the second generation of computers tube etc... this transistor computer is the development history of the mainframe, According to the hardware, divided into giant computer mainframe, medium, machine, etc, this year, minicomputers classification method and old old, because some server performance than mainframes. In view of the above, the classification method is reasonable, in the Internet is becoming more and more popular today. We should rethink the classification standard of computer.
According to the classification 1. According to the classification According to the classification, the computer can be divided into: (1) mainframes stage, the 20th century 40-50, is the first generation of computer. Tube, The digital computer, tube through digital computer and integrated circuit transistor digital computer and large scale integrated circuit of digital computer development course, computer technology gradually mature. , (2) small computer stage, 20 centuries 60-70, is to mainframes first "shrink", and can satisfy the small and medium-sized enterprises and institutions information processing requirements, low cost, the price can be accepted, (3) microcomputer stage, 20th century 70-80s, is on the second mainframes "narrow" in 1976, America, 1977 founded apple computer, AppleII released great success. IBM launched in 1981, PC IBM - has undergone several generations of evolution, occupied the PC market, make the personal computer greatly. (4) to the client/server stages, namely, C/S. In 1964, with IBM and American airlines established the first global online booking system, the United States was more than 2000 book with the terminal line connected to the computer, marks into the client/server stage, this model is still in use. In the client/server network, server is the core, and client network is based on network, server to the client and server's network resources for clients, providing a network of resources to. C/S structure is that can give full play to the client, many PC handling ability in the client can be processed to submit to the server, significantly reducing the pressure of servers, (5), also known as the Internet stage, the Internet, the Internet network stage. The Internet is single LAN and wan, according to certain communication protocols of international computer network. In 1969, the Internet started in ARPA (the U.S. defense department of research program) under the agreement will of the southwestern United States university (UCLA (university of California, Los Angeles, Stan StanfordResearchInstitute (Stanford university and research institute), UCSB (university of California university of Utah UniversityofUtah) and (4) the main computer. After the text to pictures and experience to voice and video stage, bandwidth and faster, function stronger. The Internet is characterized global, mass, anonymity, interactivity, growth and flat, real-time, multimedia, addiction, noise. The significance of the Internet should not be underestimated. It is the global solid step towards human, (6) Cloud calculative era, from 2008, Computing clouds Cloud (Computing), it gradually Popular concept is to become a Popular and popularization of Popular (). Cloud calculative is regarded as a "revolutionary calculation model", because it makes the supercomputing power through the Internet freely. Enterprise and individual users need to purchase cost into expensive hardware, need only through the Internet to purchase, lease calculation for the needs of the user only pay, and eliminate function of traditional software in hardware, software, and professional skills. Cloud calculative let users from technology and deployment of complexity and application. Cloud calculative include development, structure, load balancing and commercial mode, the future is software pattern. It is based on Web services to the Internet for the center. 2 why it should be classified According to this, can reflect the information technology development by leaps and bounds, and is not only the first generation of mainframes stage of development. In fact, from the generation mainframes using large scale integrated circuit began to now, all the computer USES is almost every large scale integrated circuit. This classification, and not at all stages of the specific chronologically, because of their development is not simply a series of parallel development relationship, but. Namely, not in time, all of which has become the mainframe, minicomputers and marketing without completely replace the mainframe, they are. But must pay attention, mainframes, small computer and high-grade microcomputer mainly work in the server (below to mention).
According to the hardware In addition, there is a man of hardware, the size of the computer, the computer into giant mainframe computers, medium-sized computers, small computer, microcomputer. Sounds reasonable, but this classification is defined in 1989, after 20 years of development, the classification method has become obsolete, because apparently 1980s server most were out, but now some server than large computer functions to be stronger, but much less. Therefore, some now will the computer hardware, according to classified into: server, workstations, desktop and notebook computers, handheld devices five categories. Server: (1) the Server, called Server shows some English, computer, through the network performance, providing services. Compared with ordinary computers, stability, security, performance requirements, etc in higher CPU, memory and disk chipsets, network system, hardware and ordinary computers vary. Server nodes on the network, storage, processing of data and information, 80% in network plays a pivotal role. They are for the client computer providing various kinds of service of high performance computer, its main performance at high speed of operation ability, long and reliable operation, strong external data throughput capacity, etc. The server computer and ordinary, also have processor, hard disk, memory, and the system bus, but because it is according to specific network applications, specifically in handling capacity and microcomputer server, stability, reliability, security, expansibility, managerial etc exist differences, (2) Workstation: Workstation, English is a Workstation, personal computers and distributed computing basis, mainly for professional fields of application, with a powerful data and graph, image processing capacity to meet engineering design, animation, scientific research, software development, financial management, information service, professional field simulation and design of high performance computer. It belongs to a kind of high-grade computer screen display, generally have larger and larger amounts of memory and disk, also have strong information processing function and high-performance graphics, image processing function and networking, (3) : the English name Desktop Desktop thing, also called Desktop machine, is now very popular, the majority of micro computer at home and company with machines are desktops. Desktop notebook computer is relatively better performance, (4) Laptop: laptops English Notebook Computer, or Laptop NB (hereinafter referred to as Laptop computers, also called or Laptop (HongKong is called the Laptop computers), is a small, portable PC, usually heavy 1-3 kilograms. It and desktop framework, but provides a better portability: including LCD, smaller and lighter weight what. Notebook computer keyboard, but also provides the touch panel (TouchPad) or touch points (what), Pointing to offer better positioning and input function. Notebook computers can roughly divided into 4 categories: business model, fashion, multimedia applications, special purpose. Business laptops generally can be summarized as mobile, batteries, commercial software 3000ibs more, Fashionable vogue female type mainly aimed at the appearance, Multimedia application laptop computers have strong ability of graphics, image processing and multimedia capability, especially for the ability to play, XiangShouXing products. But, multimedia notebook computer has many strong independent graphics and sound card (hd), and support large screen, Special purpose is to serve the notebook computer professionals, can be in heat, cold, depression and war harsh environment, some is the use of the Olympic Games, such as heavy HuaShuo Everest base IT on "service" use HuaShuo notebook computer, (5) hand-held devices: hand-held devices in English, kinds, called Handheld PDA, SmartPhone, such as mobile phone, 3G phones, intelligent Netbook EeePC, etc, they feature is small. With the arrival of the era of 3G, handheld devices will gain greater development, its function will become stronger and stronger. Change is unchanging truth, as the changes of The Times, some ideas need to abandon, some standard redefined. Today we re-examine the classification standard, computer us to better understand the computer, and using the computers.

Answer 4

要学习英文,就要自己学习翻译,然后放在网上,让别人替你修改,指出错误
你这样叫人替你做功课,你是永远没有进步的
分数不是很重要的