Question

急求英语高手帮忙翻译一段毕业论文（中译英），谢谢啦！

1.1课题研究的目的与意义
通过对国内外立体交叉桥的查阅研究，并且根据淮海路运河桥现在的平面布置、地形及道路交叉情况，进行认真调查、分析、比较，选择适宜的互通式立体交叉桥型；进行工程可行性论证，并考虑二十年后的远景交通量，经过比较，确定最佳的桥型。所设计的立体交叉桥型能够解决该交叉口的交通拥堵、交通延误等现象，消除交叉口处的冲突点，从而显著提高行车速度，增大通行能力，保证交通安全，改善交通环境，提高社会经济效益。因此，该桥的设计与建设对淮安市的城市交通发展具有重要的意义。
1.2立体交叉产生发展状况
1.2.1立交的产生
（1）平面交叉的特征
道路平面交叉是两条或多条道路在同一平面上相交或连接的方式，其特征主要体现在以下几个方面:
存在危险点、交通复杂、存在公共面
（2）改善平面交叉途径
1）从时间上考虑：相交的各条交通流线，从时间上进行分离，即通过警察或信号灯进行控制。
2）实施交通组织：在交叉口处设置各种交通设施或通过划线、设置交通标志等进行交通渠化和交通组织，使交通流线在平面上各行其道，实行分离。
3）修建立体交叉：通过建造跨线构造物，使相交主线的交通流在空间上分离，从根本上分离交通流线之间的相互干扰同时通过修建匝道将主线之间的交通流线连接起来，实现车流之间的转换。
1.2.2立交的产生
立交的产生和发展始终伴随着汽车交通和城市的发展而发展。随着城市化发展，交
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通量迅速发展，汽车拥有量的迅速增长，使原有道路的通行能力已经不能满足日益增长的车辆需要。同时，行人、非机动车辆与汽车之间争道现象日益严重，采用信号控制和平面处理等交通组织措施，已远远不能从根本上解决城市交通存在的种种问题。在这一背景下立体交叉首先在城市应运而生，并迅速成为各国解决城市交通拥挤问题的一剂良药而广为采用。
1.2.3立体交叉口的发展
随着高等级公路的出现，干线公路的发展，为提高车辆行驶速度，迫切需要提高道路的通行能力；同时，对确保行车安全也具有特别重要的意义，所有这一切为立体交叉的迅速发展提供了前提。
公路立交于1925年出现于德国。在此之后，立交发展最快、应用最广的是美国。德国二战前后也修建了大量、等级较高的立体交叉。另外，随着经济和交通的快速发展高速公路的大量兴建，战后的日本也建造了许多功能较好、经济实用的互通式立体交叉，并且为立交形式的多样化设计提供了不少经验，在立交设计标准和设计规范方面作出了可借鉴的成果。到目前，各国陆续修建了大量的立体交叉，并逐步地形成了不同的特色风格。
随着我国城市道路和高等级公路的建设和发展，互通式立交的建设方兴未艾。在城市和高等级公路上已经修建了大量的立交。据不完全统计，仅我国的北京市，城去区已建成了100多座立交，有些立交无论规模、造型还是设计和施工水平、绿化美化等方面都堪称惊世之作，集中体现了我国互通式立交设计的特设和创新。

Answer 1

1.1 The purpose of the research and significance of
Through the interchange bridge at home and abroad access to research, Huaihai Road and the Canal Bridge, according to the present layout, topography and road cross-situation, carry out a serious investigation, analysis, comparison, selection of appropriate interchange interchange bridge; carrying out of project feasibility demonstration, and to consider the vision of two decades the volume of traffic, after comparison, to determine the optimum type of bridge. Designed to be able to interchange bridge-type solution to the intersection of traffic jams, traffic delays and eliminating conflicts Department intersection points, thereby significantly improve the traffic speed and increase the traffic capacity, and ensure traffic safety, improve traffic environment, improve society economic benefits. Therefore, the bridge design and construction of Huaian city transport development is of great significance.
1.2 generate the development of interchange
1.2.1 Interchange of produce
(1) the characteristics of cross-plane
Planar cross-road are two or more roads intersect in the same plane or connections, and its characteristics are mainly embodied in the following areas:
There is a danger point, the traffic complexity of public existence Noodles
(2) ways to improve the cross-plane
1) From time to consider: the intersection of the various traffic flow line, from the time of separation, that is, through the police or control signal.
2) Implementation of Traffic Organization: Department set up at intersections all kinds of transport facilities or through the line, the installation of traffic signs and other traffic Drainage and Traffic Organization, so that traffic flow in the plane lines各行其道, the implementation of the separation.
3) construction of the interchange: By the construction of cross-line structure, so that intersection of the main line of traffic flow in space separated from the fundamental line of separation between the traffic flow at the same time interfere with each other through the construction of the ramp to the main line of traffic flow between the line connecting , realize the conversion between the flow of traffic.
1.2.2 Interchange of produce
The emergence and development of interchange has always been associated with motor vehicle traffic and the development of cities. With urbanization, development, delivery
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Flux of the rapid development of car ownership is the rapid growth of the original traffic capacity of roads should not have been required to meet the growing traffic. At the same time, pedestrians, non-motorized vehicles and motor vehicle for Road between the phenomenon is becoming increasingly serious, the use of signal control and the plane deal with organizational measures such as traffic has been far from a fundamental solution to urban traffic problems exist. In this context interchange first came into being in the city, and quickly become the problems of urban traffic congestion problem of a medicine which is widely used.
1.2.3 the development of interchange I
With the emergence of high-grade highways, trunk roads of development, and improve the speed of vehicles, there is an urgent need to improve road capacity; At the same time, to ensure road safety is also of particular significance, all of which for the rapid development of the provision of interchange the premise.
Highway Interchange in 1925, appeared in Germany. After this, interchange the fastest growing, most widely is the United States. Before and after World War II, Germany also built a substantial, high grade grade separation. In addition, as the economy and the rapid development of highway transport of substantial construction, the post-war Japan has also built a lot of functionality is better, economical and practical interchange interchange, and the diversification of forms of interchange design has provided a lot of experience, Interchange at design standards and design specifications can be made from results. Up to now, countries have built a lot of interchange, and gradually formed a style different characteristics.
As China's urban road and highway construction and development, the construction of interchange ascendant. In urban and high-grade highways have been built a lot of interchange. According to incomplete statistics, China's Beijing alone, the Board go zones have been completed more than 100 Interchange, some interchange regardless of size, shape or design and construction standards, greening and beautifying the areas can be termedembodied in our country interchange of the ad hoc design and innovation.

Answer 2

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