有关虚拟语气的用法,请对句子中should的用法具体解释下
有关虚拟语气的用法,请对句子中should的用法具体解释下
should在这里不是应该的意思
should有另外一个用法就是:有“竟然”之意
整句的意思就是:你竟然表现得这么粗鲁我们很惊讶。
而从意思上看,表现这个动作已经完成,或者说它是过去的动作
但是由于should的限制,要用have been的形式表达过去的动作
请解释一下虚拟语气的用法?
虚拟语气,就是讲话的情景跟现实有悖,是虚构的假设的情况。 通常分为三种用法,只要记住这三种形式以及使用的意义,就没有问题了。
第一,表示与现在的事实相反的,主句用过去式,从句用would/could/should 加动词原型。examples:if I was a bird, I would fly across the pacific ocean. 如果我是只鸟,我将飞跃太平洋。(这个是与现在的事情相反,因为我是个人现在,不是鸟,所以用这种形式)
第二:与过去的事实相反,主句用过去完成时had+done,从句用would/could/should +have done 形式
examples: if I had taken your advice,I would not have lost the game. 如果我那时候采纳了你的建议,我就不会输了这场比赛了。 (是在回忆过去的事情,然后做一个假设的情况,与过去事实相反)
第三:与将来的事实相反,主句用was/were +to do 从句用would/could/should +do
examples:I you were to see him off at the airport, I would go together with you.
如果你要去机场送她的话,那我也陪你去。 (这个就是还没有发生的事情,俩人在谈论,假设将来不就会发生什么,我会怎么样,与将来的事实相反)
虚拟语气的用法
动词的语气——虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)
一、语气的定义和种类
l、语气:语气是动词的一种形式,它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2、语气的种类:
(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如:We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!
(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请开启门。
(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你,我就学英语了。May you sueed! 祝您成功!
二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类,一类是真实条件句,一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的,就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨,我们就去公园。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的,或将来不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你,他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你,因此也未能问你这件事。)
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:
主句:would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
与过去事实相反 : 从句 :had + 过去分词
主句 :would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词
与将来事实相反 : 从句:动词过去式,should + 动词原形,
主句 :were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
注: 主句中的should只用于I、we,但在美国英语中,should常被would代替;从句中的should可用于各种人称。
l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ,一切都没问题了。
2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice,you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做,你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。
3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would,could,might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天,我就 (可能)去看望我奶 奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪,他们将不出去了。
4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致(表示错综时间的虚拟语气),这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话,身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去,主句动作指现在)
5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:
(l)省略连词if。在书面语中,如果虚拟条件从句中有were,had 或 should,可以把if省略,把这几个词放到主语之前,构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he e (If he should e), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了,让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你,就不做这事。
(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来,而是通过介词短语来表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话,就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要是没有你的帮助,我就不可能完成这件事。
假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙,否则,我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话,我就……);I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的,但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话,我就会完成……)
6、省去条件从句或主句:表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略,但其含义仍可以推知。
(1)省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服,因为你不想洗。)
(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。);If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)
三、虚拟语气的其他用法
l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法:在"It is important (strange,natural,necessary)that…"这类句型里,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should+动词原形”结构,表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。
2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法:
(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道);2)表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had+过去分词"。如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉);3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would+动词原形"。此时要注意,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如: I wish it would s raining. 但愿雨能停止;I wish you would e soon. 但愿你立刻来。
(2)在suggest,demand,order,propose,insist,mand,request,desire等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”,表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。
3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
(1)在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中,主句和从句都用虚拟语气,动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office. 即使生了病,他都去办公室。
(2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had+过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我,好像我是陌
生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片,就好像她确实看过一样。
注:如果表示的事情可能会发生,那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词多用 “could或might(有时也用should)+ 动词原形”。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生说得很慢,好让学生听清楚。
4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法:在"It is time (that) …"句型中,定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来,动词形式一般用过去式,意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如: It’s (high) time we did our homework. 我们该做作业了。
5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌,或委婉的语气,常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。
(2)在一些习惯表达中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你。
(3)用“may + 动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”,此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。如:May you be happy!祝你快乐!May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。
虚拟语气
有些条件句是可能实现的,称为真实条件句. 虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式,用来表达说话人的意愿.请求,设想,等未能或不可能实现的事实,或说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况.做这类题时首先要弄清楚虚拟语气的各种句型,即由if引导的虚拟条件句,省略if的倒装形式,可跟虚拟语气的宾语从句,同位语从句,表语从句的句型,以及表示祝愿或感叹的句子和由without, but for等介词引导的短语或句子.
四级对虚拟语气的测试主要涉及以下方面:
1). 主语从句,同位语从句中虚拟语气的用法.
2). 宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法,尤其是wish 虚拟语气结构的用法.
3). If条件句中虚拟语气的用法,应特别注意省略if的倒装结构是考试的重点.
4). would rather 等结构中虚拟语气的用法.
5). if only结构中虚拟语气的用法.
6). But, or, otherwise 等含蓄条件句的用法.
7). It’s time (that) 等结构中虚拟语气的用法.
1. 虚拟语气在虚拟条件句中的运用
(1)虚拟语气现在时. 用以表示与现在事实相反的假设或现在实现可能性不大的情况.
条件从句
主句
动词过去式(be多用were)
Would/should/could/might + 动词原形
Eg. If I were a bird, I would fly to you.
If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position.
(2) 虚拟语气过去式. 表示与过去事实完全相反的假设.
条件从句
主句
had + 过去分词
would/should/could/might + have +过去分词
Eg. If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train.
If she hadn’t been ill, she might have e.
(3)虚拟语气将来式. 表与将来情形相反的假设或极少有可能实现的情况.
条件从句
主句
动词过去式或should +动词原形或were to +动词原形
would/should/could/might +动词原形
Eg. If Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions.
If there should be no air, there would be no living things.
◆ 书面语中,上述(1),(2),(3)三种时态的虚拟句中,如果从句里含有should, had, were或其他助动词,则可将从属连词if省去,将助动词.情态动词.be或have放在句首形成部分倒装.
Eg. Were he in your position, he’d have done the same.
Had I had time, I would have done that yesterday.
Should he e tomorrow, I should give him the dictionary.
(1) 错综时间虚拟句
通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的, 但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式. P 116, 2
Eg. If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)
If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在).
(2) 含蓄条件句
有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,二是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词短语来表示.
Eg. But for your advice, I could not have done it so suessfully.
The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy.
I was so busy then, Otherwise, I would have told him the answer.
(3) 虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用.
A) 在wish, suggest, order, demand, propose, mand, request, remend, require, decide, insist, desire, urge等动词的宾语从句以及would rather /sooner 后要用 “ (should) +动词原形” 来表示愿望,建议, 命令,要求等; 由上述动词派生或转化的名词suggestion, proposal, plan, motion, remendation, demand, order, desire, request, requirement, insistence, advice, decision , obligatory 义不容辞的, 必须的 等的同位语从句或表语从句中也要用相应的虚拟形式.
Eg.
B) 在It is/was + 某些形容词 + that 从句的句型中,that从句中的谓语动词常用虚拟语气,即 “should + 动词原形”
这些形容词有:
important, necessary, essential, imperative, natural, strange, advisable, desirable, possible, probable, astonishing, surprising, desired, suggested, requested, remended, ordered, proposed, decided, moved等.
“ should + 动词原形(或完成形式)” 可表示惊奇,遗憾,怀疑,不满等.
ⅰ. 用于expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中.
Eg. I never expected that the new apartment should be so *** all.
ⅱ. 用于 “It is a pity, it is a shame, it is no wonder 等 + that” 等结构后的主语从句中.
Eg. It is a pity that he should be so careless.
C) 在由for fear that, in case, lest 等引导的状语从句中,用 “ should + 动词原形” 表示 “惟恐”的意思.
Eg. He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.
D) 在 “ It is (about/ high ) time + that (从句)” 中,谓语动词常用过去式表表示虚拟语气.
Eg. It is high time that people learnt English.
E) 在 “as if/ as though” 引导的状语从句中,谓语动词与wish的宾语从句的虚拟形式相同.
Eg. He works with such enthusia *** as if he never knew fatigue.
He speaks English as though he were an American.
F) 在 look, seem等动词后的 “as if / as though”从句中,当表示真实情况时,用陈述语气; 否则,用虚拟语气.
Eg. It seems as if they know each other. (真实情况)
It seems as though it were already spring. (虚拟语气)
G) 用在if only 引起的感叹句中.
Eg. If only the driver didn’t drive so fast!
你可以看看这个::lesun./english2005-02/334.htm
:news.zbedu./yingyu/user1/115/archives/2005/756.
:chinaedu./101resource004/wenjianku/200450/101ktb/ynjd/yncelu0e/yncelu0e.htm
这里的would e是说明将来的可能情况,强调他现在没来,也可以用would have e,含义一样。
我也觉得应该选B ,做“表明,显示”解
insist在中学阶段,只要掌握以下三种用法即可: 1、insist on/upon ( *** /one's) (doing) sth 如:You should insist on your dream. You should insist upon doing exercise every day. You should insist on her apologizing to you. 2、insist + that引导的宾语从句 1)如果insist翻译为“坚持说/坚持认为”,即that从句表示已经发生的动作时,则宾语从句使用陈述语气,即从句该用什么时态就用什么时态,当然还要和主句时态保持呼应. 如:She insisted that she was right. She insisted (that) she had been to Beijing the year before. 2)如果insist翻译为“坚持要求/坚持主张”,即that从句的动作当时尚未发生的话,则宾语从句必须使用虚拟语气,即从句谓语动词由“should + 动词原形”构成,且should可以省略. 如:He insisted that she (should) say sorry to him frist.
insist的用法及其虚拟语气的用法
insist 1.坚持 后面宾语从句用虚拟语气。He insisted that he (should) be sent to the front .
2.坚持说 从句不用虚拟语气。The thief insisted that he hadn't stolen the car .
虚拟语气的be的用法
一、were式虚拟
英语中被叫做“were式虚拟”的这种虚拟语气通过扭曲时态形式来
表示与实际情况相反的虚构假设具体的做法是将时态的形式“倒推一个时态”。这样的表述
也许不太准确但是非常实用也极容易理解。
具体的做法就是将现在时态变成过去时态将过去时态变成“过去的
过去”。
在这种虚拟语气的用法中动词be至少要倒退一个时态成为“过去时态”
的were在虚拟语气中一般不用wasis、am、are倒推一个时态以后都写成were。因此
这种表示与实际情况相反的虚构假设的虚拟语气就就以动词be的变化为例叫做了were式
虚拟。
were式虚拟主要用在wish从句as if从句和非真实条件句。
例如
If I were you, I won't let her go.
I wish I were you.
I am looking at her as if I were you.
二、be式虚拟
英语中被叫做“be式虚拟”的这种虚拟语气一般用在名词性从句中
这些名词性从句一般都与表示祈使意义的动词有关。最典型的是suggest,
order, propose等表示祈使意义的动词的宾语从句其谓语形式应该使
用be式虚拟。
be式虚拟通过一种固定不变的谓语动词形式来表示说话者的一种“祈使
愿望”具体的做法是将谓语动词的形式固定为(should)
do,不论该语句应该使用什么时态其谓语动词的形式都是 (should)
do形式。以典型的动词be举例不论它应该是什么时态形式只要它
用来表达“祈使愿望”的虚拟它的形式就是should)
be或者说是be了因此这种虚拟语气就被叫做be式虚拟。
例如
We strongly suggested that the meeting be put off till the
next day.
The officer ordered that the spy be killed right away.
详细的可见如下连结:
:doc88./p-404269716205.