Question

英语初级问题

小弟我刚学英语， 但是对时态一般过去时和现在完成时。 请精通人士给我详细讲解一下。 最好多讲些几个一般过去时和现在完成时的句子！ 好的，小弟必追加高分！ 谢谢。

Answer 1

一般过去时和现在完成时

1 ．一般过去时
一般过去时用来表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。通常要与表示过去的时间状语连用。但有时时间状语可以省去不用，比如在下列例句中可以从上下文明确地看出动作发生的时间时，就可以省略时间状语：
When he was 65, he decided that he didn't want to stop.
  2 .现在完成时
    现在完成时常用来谈论发生在过去但对现在有影响的动作或事件。因此不能用具体表示过去的时间状语。例如：
He hasn't been bored since he bought the factory.
He has opened a new design office and employed three young designers.
I have taught English for five years.
Go through activity 2.
 Ⅱ 谈论将来
         表示安排 be + doing
Are you free in July? No, I'm staying with my parents in July.
Can you come out this evening? No, I'm studying hard for the exams.
         表示意图 be going to
Have you got any plans for the summer? I'm going to stay with my parents in July.
What are your plans for the weekend? I'm going to study hard for the exams.
表示将来的时间状语
         下列时间短语可以用来表示将来的某个具体时间。
 tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening/night
Tuesday/Wednesday week (下周二/三)
a week tomorrow（从明天起一周之后）
   next weekend/week/month/year; the weekend/week/month/year after next    (下下个周末/下下周/下下月/后年)
   in three days'/months'/years' time(三天/月/年后)
         这些短语既可放在句首也可以放在句尾。例如：
 The day after tomorrow I’m signing a new contract with an Italian customer.
 I’m having discussions with an agent in Brazil next month.
Ⅲ . Go through activity 12 and talk about attributive clause(定语从句)
定语从句一般是修饰名词或代词的,在句子中起定语的作用.定语从句一般放在所修饰的名代词之后,以一个关系代词或关系副词,将两个相互关联的句子连接在一起.
Eg: I don’t want to read the book which I put on the able.
He phoned the girl who was his sister’ friend.
关系代词
1 ．关系代词who
    关系代词who 在句中用作主语，是主格，只可指人。例如：
    I listened to the other journalists who were exited about the changes in Russia.  “我听到别的记者兴奋地（谈论）俄国发生的变化。
这个句子用who 将下面两个句子连接起来：
I listened to the other journalists.
The other journalists were excited about the changes in Russia.
关系代词who不仅连接了两个句子，而且在从句中作主语，取代原句中的the other      journalists.
    2 .关系代词which
关系代词which 一般指物，在从句中既可以作主语，也可以用作宾语（非正式文体中可省去）。例如：
It hit the police car which was stopping the traffic.    “它（那辆车）撞在了正在拦截车流的警车上。”
         这个句子用which 将下面两个句子连接起来：
         It hit the police car.
         The police car was stopping the traffic.
         关系代词which 不仅连接了两个句子，而且在从句中作主语，替代the police car.
3 .关系代词that
关系代词that在从句中既可以用作主语，也可以用作宾语（在非正式文体中可省去）；既可     指人，也可指物，因此在使用who 或which 之处都可以用that 。例如：
I listened to journalists that/who were excited about the changes.
It hit the police car that/which was stopping the traffic.
注意关系代词that基本不用于引导非限定性定语从句。
4 .关系代词whose
关系代词whose 是who 的所有格，在从句中用作定语，多指人。例如：
I started looking after other children whose parents went out to work.  “我开始帮那些外出工作的父母照看孩子。”
这个句子用whose将下面两个句子连接起来：
I started looking after other children
Their parents went out to work.
关系代词的省略
如果关系代词在定语从句中作主语，关系代词是不能省略的。但如果作宾语，则可以省略。例如：
Do you know the girl who/that I am meeting tonight?
Do you know the girl I am meeting tonight?
I have found the keys which/that I lost.
I have found the keys I lost.
表述看法
1 ．下列句子结构后面可以跟名词、动名词以及that从句，用以表达自己的看法。例如：
    The best thing is the beautiful sea/swimming in the beautiful sea/that I can swim     in the beautiful sea.
    The worst thing was the terrible food/eating the terrible food/that the food was     terrible.
    What I enjoy most is a holiday from work/having a holiday from work/that I can     have a holiday from work.
    What I hated most was the long hours of work/working long hours/that I had to     work long hours.
    The most important thing for me is a good salary/earning a good salary/that I earn a good salary.
    在上面所有的句子中that都可以省略，不影响句子的意思。例如：
    What I enjoy most is (that) I meet a lot of people.
2.  It doesn't matter that．．．意为“……没关系。”也可以表述看法，表明态度。例如：
It doesn't matter that we hardly ever leave the village now. 
    现在即便我们几乎从不离开这村庄也没什么关系。

Answer 2

一般过去时的用法解析
概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词
否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。

1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun. 不受时间限制的
Shanghai lies in the east of China. 客观存在
表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..

3) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性、特征。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.

※4)由连词if unless before as soon as when once however 等引起的时间(条件、让步)状语从句,需要用一般现在时,表示将来时.

第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。

现在完成时用法解析
概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
时间状语：recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.
基本结构：have/has + done
否定形式：have/has + not +done.
一般疑问句：have或has。

1.构成
现在完成时是由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词，说明句子的意义。
2.用法
（1）表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如：
-Have you had lunch yet? -Yes,I have. I've just had it.
你（已经）吃午饭了吗？ 我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了）
（2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。 如：He has taught here since 1981
他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）
I have't seen her for four years.
我有四年没见到她了。
（3）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice,ever,never,three times等时间状语。
如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。
3.现在完成时的时间状语
（1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。

a. 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。
They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。

b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。 如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗？
-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。

c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just,before,up to now,the past few years等。
例如：I have seen her before,but I can not remember where.
我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。
He has been there three times the last few days.
近几年他去过那里三次了。

d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now,today,this morning(month,year,term)等。
例如：-Have you met him today?-No,I haven't.
今天你见过他吗？我 没有。
How many times have you been there this year?
今年你去过那里多少次？

（2）现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I haven't seen him for two years. 但是，像come,arrive,buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用，必须改为“be（在）”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：
arrive→be here begin(start)→be on
die →be dead
fall ill(sick,asleep)→be ill(sick,asleep)
get up→be up go out →be out
finish →be over put on →wear 或be on
open →be open join →be in或 be a member of…
close →be closed go to school→be a student
borrow →keep buy →have
catch(a cold)→ have(a cold) get to know →know
begin to study→study come to work→work等
如：He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。
His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。
The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。
We have studied English for three years. 我们（开始）学英语已三年了。
4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等，而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系。试比较：
I have lost my new book. 我把新书丢了。（现在还未找到）
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）
5.几点注意事项
（1）have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never,several times等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。
（2）如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。如：It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。
（3）终止性动词现在完成时的否定式，已变成一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
如：I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来，我一直没有离开过这儿。