Question

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在经济和信息日益全球化的今天,不同国家,不同民族和不同种族人们之间的交流也日益频繁。这些属于不同文化群体的人们在相互接触的过程中遇到了许多障碍。语言和文化上的差异是阻碍交流的主要原因。其中,禁忌语的差异是跨文化交际中易被忽视但却至关重要的一个问题。在跨文化交际中,了解和遵守对方的禁忌语习惯,通常能使交际得以顺利进行;反之,则常会产生交际故障,甚至导致整个交际的失败。因此，了解关于西方国家社会风俗的禁忌至关重要。
禁忌的由来。禁忌，国际学术界统称为“塔布”，源于中太平洋波利尼西亚群岛（polynesia）汤加语（Tongan）。音译为“Taboo”或“Tabu”。波利尼西亚人信仰和崇拜一种神秘力量称之为“玛那”（mana），它是源于大洋州的一个人类学术语。指事物或人体现出的超自然力量。汉语中与之相对应的词即为“灵力”。相信凡是具有“玛那”的人或物都是危险的，不可接触，否则必将受到超自然的灾难性惩罚。迄今所知世界上所有的民族无不具有禁忌。在西方国家，最早将该词从波利尼西亚语引入到英语中的是18世纪英国航海家库克詹姆斯。禁忌(taboo)一词原意是“神圣的”、“不可接触的”或“要极其注意的”东西。语言是一种社会现象,不同的语言代表着不同的文化。语言根植于文化又反映着文化。禁忌语作为一种语言现象有其文化根源。中西方禁忌语的差异,常常是由不同的历史传统、风俗习惯、宗教信仰、价值观念等因素造成的。不管哪种文化,人们交流思想感情,不光用语言,还可以用面部表情、身体动作等,禁忌语中也就出现了言语禁忌语(verbaltaboos)和非言语禁忌语(non-verbaltaboos)，而禁忌语大部分属于言语禁忌语。人们在交流中并不是想说什么就说什么的,在日常交际中也不是任何话题都可以涉及。在一定的文化中,参与交际的人们都会不约而同地对某些话题或某些词汇有意回避,因为人们不愿或不敢随便谈论这些话题或词汇,于是语言中就出现了禁忌现象。无论中国还是西方国家,语言 禁忌涉及的范围都十分广泛,从个人生活到家庭生活及整个社会,禁忌语无处不在。

Answer 1

In an increasingly globalized economy and information today, in different countries, different nationalities and different ethnic groups also communicate between people become increasingly frequent. These belong to different cultural groups in the process of contact with each other has encountered many obstacles. Language and cultural differences are the main reasons hindering communicate. Among them, the difference between taboo words are cross-cultural communication is crucial but easily overlooked as a problem. At cross-cultural communication, understanding and comply with each other's Taboo habits, often make communication smooth; the other hand, often have communication failure, even lead to the failure of the entire communication. Therefore, Western countries know about customs and taboos of society is essential.
The origin of taboos. Taboos, the international academic community collectively referred to as "Taboo", from French Polynesia in the Pacific Islands (polynesia) Tonga (Tongan). Transliteration for "Taboo" or "Tabu". Polynesian beliefs and worship of a mysterious force known as the "Mana" (mana), it is derived from an anthropological terminology Oceania. Refers to things or human supernatural forces appear. Corresponding Chinese word is "soul force." Any trust with "Mana" of people or things are dangerous, can not be contacted, otherwise will be disastrous supernatural punishment. So far known to all the world's peoples all have taboos. In Western countries, the earliest of the words from Polynesian languages into English in the 18th century English navigator James Cook. Taboo (taboo) the original intent of the word is "sacred" and "Do not touch" or "great attention to" things. Language is a social phenomenon, different languages represent different cultures. Language rooted in the culture reflects the culture. Taboo language as a linguistic phenomenon has its cultural roots. Taboo in the West differences are usually from different historical traditions, customs, religious beliefs, values and other factors. No matter what culture, people communicate thoughts and feelings, not just with language, can also use facial expressions, body movements and so on, taboo language also appeared in Taboo words (verbaltaboos) and non-verbal taboo words (non-verbaltaboos), and taboos Most belong to verbal language taboo. People do not communicate what he wanted to say in what, in daily communication is not any topic can be involved. At a certain degree of culture, people will take part in communicative coincidentally on certain topics or certain vocabulary intended to avoid, because people are unwilling or hesitant to talk about these topics or vocabulary, so the language on the emergence of the phenomenon of taboo. Whether Chinese or Western countries, the scope of linguistic taboos are very broad, from personal life to family life and society as a whole, Taboo everywhere.

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