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四、“肯定性行动”与“逆向歧视”历史上，美国白人通过形形色色的种族剥削、歧视与隔离，并通过强化种族主义意识形态体系，剥夺了黑人获得宝贵和稀有资源的权利，使今天大多数美国黑...
四、“肯定性行动”与“逆向歧视”
历史上 ，美国白人通过形形色色的种族剥削、歧视与隔离，并通过强化种族主义意识形态体系，剥夺了黑人获得宝贵和稀有资源的权利，使今天大多数美国黑人因受教育程度低、收入低、工作不稳定而沦为社会底层。于是在 20世纪60、70年代民权运动的大背景下着手制定并颁布了一系列政策和法令被称为“肯定性行动”，其 目的是禁止对受保护群体的歧视，使以往在历史上遭受不公平待遇的人群真正成为美国政治、经济、文化生活中平等的一员。而终止这一政策的前提是种族主义在美国销声匿迹，黑人及其他弱势群体所享有的平等不仅仅限于法律保障下的公民平等权利而是实际生活中真正的地位平等。
由于“肯定性行动”大多是倾向于非洲裔美国人和拉丁裔美国人 ，这招致许多指责。因此“肯定性行动” 激起了美国白人特别是中下层男性 白人的普遍不满，纷纷指责“肯定性行动”有违择优录用的制度和机会平等的原则 ，他们要求捍卫个人 自由，维护 自由市场的经济制度，反对国家干预私营经济。这些呼声立即汇人到同时期盛行的强烈要求维护西方传统的道德和价值观念的新保守主义思潮中。
保守主义思潮影响所及 ，许多白人民众抗拒改变。学术界和舆论界也展开了激烈的辩论。在美国这场关于“平等权利”的争论中，“逆向歧视”就是一个充满偏颇 的观念 。 所谓“逆向歧视”通常指对在社会政治上长期处于被统治地位的人群 (特别是妇女和少数族群)有利的具有“歧视性”的政策或行为 ，而不是有利于在社会政治上居于主导地位的群体。由此可见，“逆向歧视”是对美国政府修正行为的一个极不准确 的标注。如果美国果真存在“逆向歧视”，那 就意味着，在白人长期针对黑人的种族歧视之后 ，美国的情况发生了变化：居于支配地位的黑人群体对大多数美国白人实行了巨大的制度化歧视 ；美国有关住房、教育和就业等一些重要部 门应由非洲裔美国人来掌控，同时联邦各级官员应主要由黑人担任。但事实并非如此，就以往的调查，有相当多的案例并不符合真正的“逆 向歧视”。
总之 ，“肯定性行动”对保护美国黑人和其他少数族群权益起到了积极的作用 ，但其非但未能消除美国白人的种族主义 ，反而进一步恶化了“黑白”种族关系，引发出“逆 向歧视”之争。种族主义仍是美国的一个现实问题，美国仍然是一个存在种族歧视的社会，白人种族主义还在系统地破坏美国黑人的社会和经济福利，美国黑人如今仍在各个方面落后于美国人 口的平均水平。不管美国决策者、学者和公众愿意与否，“肯定性行动”计划任重而道远。 展开
历史上 ，美国白人通过形形色色的种族剥削、歧视与隔离，并通过强化种族主义意识形态体系，剥夺了黑人获得宝贵和稀有资源的权利，使今天大多数美国黑人因受教育程度低、收入低、工作不稳定而沦为社会底层。于是在 20世纪60、70年代民权运动的大背景下着手制定并颁布了一系列政策和法令被称为“肯定性行动”，其 目的是禁止对受保护群体的歧视，使以往在历史上遭受不公平待遇的人群真正成为美国政治、经济、文化生活中平等的一员。而终止这一政策的前提是种族主义在美国销声匿迹，黑人及其他弱势群体所享有的平等不仅仅限于法律保障下的公民平等权利而是实际生活中真正的地位平等。
由于“肯定性行动”大多是倾向于非洲裔美国人和拉丁裔美国人 ，这招致许多指责。因此“肯定性行动” 激起了美国白人特别是中下层男性 白人的普遍不满，纷纷指责“肯定性行动”有违择优录用的制度和机会平等的原则 ，他们要求捍卫个人 自由，维护 自由市场的经济制度，反对国家干预私营经济。这些呼声立即汇人到同时期盛行的强烈要求维护西方传统的道德和价值观念的新保守主义思潮中。
保守主义思潮影响所及 ，许多白人民众抗拒改变。学术界和舆论界也展开了激烈的辩论。在美国这场关于“平等权利”的争论中，“逆向歧视”就是一个充满偏颇 的观念 。 所谓“逆向歧视”通常指对在社会政治上长期处于被统治地位的人群 (特别是妇女和少数族群)有利的具有“歧视性”的政策或行为 ，而不是有利于在社会政治上居于主导地位的群体。由此可见，“逆向歧视”是对美国政府修正行为的一个极不准确 的标注。如果美国果真存在“逆向歧视”，那 就意味着，在白人长期针对黑人的种族歧视之后 ，美国的情况发生了变化：居于支配地位的黑人群体对大多数美国白人实行了巨大的制度化歧视 ；美国有关住房、教育和就业等一些重要部 门应由非洲裔美国人来掌控，同时联邦各级官员应主要由黑人担任。但事实并非如此，就以往的调查，有相当多的案例并不符合真正的“逆 向歧视”。
总之 ，“肯定性行动”对保护美国黑人和其他少数族群权益起到了积极的作用 ，但其非但未能消除美国白人的种族主义 ，反而进一步恶化了“黑白”种族关系，引发出“逆 向歧视”之争。种族主义仍是美国的一个现实问题，美国仍然是一个存在种族歧视的社会，白人种族主义还在系统地破坏美国黑人的社会和经济福利，美国黑人如今仍在各个方面落后于美国人 口的平均水平。不管美国决策者、学者和公众愿意与否，“肯定性行动”计划任重而道远。 展开
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Four, "affirmative action" and "reverse discrimination" Historically, American white through all kinds of racial discrimination and isolation, exploitation, and by strengthening the racist ideology system, deprived of blacks get precious and rare resources, make the right most black americans today because of low educational level, low income, work into social instability. Then in the 1960s and 1970s civil-rights movement of the background to formulate and has issued a series of policies and decrees are called "affirmative action", its purpose is forbidden to protect the discrimination, make previous group in the history of the crowd unfair treatment truly become American political, economic and cultural life of equality. This policy terminates the premise is racism in the United States, blacks disappeared and other disadvantaged enjoy equal legal guarantee of be confined to the citizen equal rights in real life, but the real equal status.
Due to the "affirmative action" mostly tend to African americans and latinos, and this has prompted many blame. Therefore "affirmative action" inspired American white especially middle whites, the men generally have accused "affirmative action" against by the system and the principle of equality of opportunity, they defend individual freedom, maintenance requirements free market economy system, against the state intervention, private economy. These people to collect call immediately with period of strong demand in western traditional ethics and maintenance of the values of the new conservatism trend.
Conservatism trend, many white people resist change. Academics and started a debate too. In America the "equality" argument "reverse discrimination," a biased concepts. The so-called "reverse discrimination" usually refers to the social political domination in long-term (especially women and minorities) advantageous have "discriminatory policies of or behavior, rather than in social political predominates. Thus, the "reverse discrimination" is for the American government fixed a highly accurate behavior. If America really exist "reverse discrimination", that means, in white in the black long after the American racial discrimination, the situation has changed: the black community dominated for most white americans to implement the great institutionalized discrimination, The U.S. housing, education and employment etc. Some important door by African americans to control, federal officials at all levels should mainly by black people. But that is not the case, the previous survey, there are quite a few cases do not conform to the "real" inverse to discrimination.
Anyhow, "affirmative action" to protect American blacks and other ethnic minority rights which has played a positive role, but it fails to eliminate the white americans not racist, but worse "and" ethnic relations, "inverse to discrimination". Racism is still a realistic problem, America is still a racial discrimination society, white racism in the American blacks to destroy system of social and economic benefits, the American blacks still lags behind in all aspects of the average American mouth. Whatever American policymakers, scholars and the general public, "affirmative action to go15" program.
Due to the "affirmative action" mostly tend to African americans and latinos, and this has prompted many blame. Therefore "affirmative action" inspired American white especially middle whites, the men generally have accused "affirmative action" against by the system and the principle of equality of opportunity, they defend individual freedom, maintenance requirements free market economy system, against the state intervention, private economy. These people to collect call immediately with period of strong demand in western traditional ethics and maintenance of the values of the new conservatism trend.
Conservatism trend, many white people resist change. Academics and started a debate too. In America the "equality" argument "reverse discrimination," a biased concepts. The so-called "reverse discrimination" usually refers to the social political domination in long-term (especially women and minorities) advantageous have "discriminatory policies of or behavior, rather than in social political predominates. Thus, the "reverse discrimination" is for the American government fixed a highly accurate behavior. If America really exist "reverse discrimination", that means, in white in the black long after the American racial discrimination, the situation has changed: the black community dominated for most white americans to implement the great institutionalized discrimination, The U.S. housing, education and employment etc. Some important door by African americans to control, federal officials at all levels should mainly by black people. But that is not the case, the previous survey, there are quite a few cases do not conform to the "real" inverse to discrimination.
Anyhow, "affirmative action" to protect American blacks and other ethnic minority rights which has played a positive role, but it fails to eliminate the white americans not racist, but worse "and" ethnic relations, "inverse to discrimination". Racism is still a realistic problem, America is still a racial discrimination society, white racism in the American blacks to destroy system of social and economic benefits, the American blacks still lags behind in all aspects of the average American mouth. Whatever American policymakers, scholars and the general public, "affirmative action to go15" program.
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