语法的基础英语知识

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关于语法的基础英语知识

  学英语,最基础的当然是语法了,下面是关于语法的基础英语知识,希望对大家有帮助。

   名词:名词单复数,名词的格

  (一)名词单复数

  1.一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

  2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches

  3.以―辅音字母+y‖结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries

  4.以―f或fe‖结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives

  5.不规则名词复数:

  man-men,

  woman-women,

  policeman-policemen,

  policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice

  child-children,

  foot-feet,

  tooth-teeth,

  fish-fish,

  people-people,

  Chinese-Chinese,

  Japanese-Japanese

  不可数名词的复数就是原型: paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea

  (二)名词的格

  1.有生命的东西的名词所有格:

  (1) 单数后加 ‘s 如: Lucy‘s ruler my father‘s shirt

  (2)以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ‘如: his friends‘ bags

  (3)不以s 结尾的复数后加 ‘s children‘s shoes

  并列名词中,如果把 ‘s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有;

  如:Tom and Mike‘s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车

  表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加‘s.

  如:Tom‘s and Mike‘s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车

  2.表示无生命东西的名词通常用― of +名词‖来表示所有关系:

  如:a picture of the classroom a map of China

   冠词:不定冠词,定冠词种类

  (一) 不定冠词:a / an

  元音读音开头的'可数名词前用an :

  an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an hour an old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /

  (二)定冠词:the

  定冠词的用法:

  1.特指某(些)人或某(些)物: The ruler is on the desk.

  2.复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.

  3.谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys aren‘t at school.

  4.在序数词前: John‘s birthday is February the second.

  5.用于固定词组中: in the morning / afternoon / evening 不用冠词的情况:

  (1)专有名词前:China is a big country.

  (2)名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:

  This is my baseball.

  (3)复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeys can‘t swim. They are teachers.

  (4)在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christmas Day. It‘s Sunday.

  (5)一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.

  (6)球类 棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home. * 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.

  (7)学科名称前:My favorite subject is music.

  (8)在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li.

  (9)固定词组中:at noon at night by bus

   形容词、副词:比较级,最高级

  (一)、形容词的比较级

  1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。

  2.形容词加er的规则:

  ⑴ 一般在词尾加er ;

  ⑵ 以字母e 结尾,加r ;

  ⑶ 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ;

  ⑷ 以―辅音字母+y‖结尾,先把y变i,再加er 。

  3.不规则形容词比较级:

  good-better, beautiful-more beautiful

  (二)副词的比较级

  1.形容词与副词的区别 (有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动) ⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后 ⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后

  2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同 (不规则变化:well-better, far-farther)

   数词:基数词,序数词

  (一)基数词

  1.1-20

  one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty

  2.21-99

  先说―几十‖,再说―几‖,中间加连字符。

  23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one

  3.101—999

  先说―几百‖,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;

  586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three

  4.l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个―,‖,第一个―,‖前为thousand.第二个―,‖前为million,第三个―,‖前为billion 1,001→one thousand and one

  18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three

  6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine 750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion

  (二)序数词

  1.一般在基数词后加th

  eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth

  2.不规则变化

  one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve—twelfth

  3.以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加th

  twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth

  4.从二十一后的―几十几‖直至―几百几十几‖或―几千几百几十几‖只将个位的基数词变为序数词。

  twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth 基数词转为序数词的口诀: 基变序,有规律,词尾加上-th.

  一,二,三,特殊记,词尾字母t,d,d. 八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。 ty将y变成i,th前面有个e.

  若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。

   介词:常用介词:in, on, at, behind等

  (一).at表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。

  at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午)

  (二).on表示具体日期。

  注:(1)关于"在周末"的几种表示法:

  at(on)the weekend在周末---特指

  at(on)weekends在周末---泛指

  over the weekend在整个周末

  during the weekend在周末期间

  (2)在圣诞节,应说at Christmas而不说on Christmas

  (3)在(刚……)的时候。

  On reaching the city he called up his parents. 一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。

  (三).in.表示"时段"、"时期",在多数情况下可以和during互换,前者强调对比,后者强调持续。 in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪)

   动词:

  动词的四种时态:

  (一)一般现在时:

  一般现在时的构成

  1.be动词:主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如: I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。

  2. 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。 如: We study English. 我们学习英语。 当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。 动词+s的变化规则

  (1)一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks

  (2)以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3.以―辅音字母+y‖结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studies

  (二)一般过去时:

  动词过去式详解 动词的过去式的构成规则有:

  1.、规则动词

  ① 一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited

  ② 以e结尾的动词直接加d:如 lived , danced , used

  ③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry

  – carried worry – worried (注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类)

  ④ 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped B、不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式:sing – sang , eat – ate ,

  see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,

  are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt

  (三)一般将来时: 基本结构:

  ①be going to + do;

  ②will+ do. be going to = will I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.

  (四)现在进行时: am,is,are+动词现在分词

  动词现在分词详解 动词的ing形式的构成规则:

  ① 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating

  ② 以e 结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing

  ③ 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting

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