Question

被动语态

Answer 1

被动语态讲解
英语的语态是通过动词的形式表现出来的,用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系,英语的动词有两种语态形式,即主动语态和被动语态.
如果主语是动作的执行者,谓语动词用主动语态.如果主语是动作的对象,谓语动词用被动语态.
一、被动语态的构成形式 助动词be
被动语态的基本时态变化:九种时态的被动形式,
1、 一般现在时：am/is/are +过去分词 We are taught English by her.由她教我们英语.
2、 一般过去时：was/were+过去分词 A present was given to me by Mary.玛丽给了我一件礼物.
3、 一般将来时：will be+过去分词 The desk will be mended by him.这张桌子将由他修理.
4、 现在进行时：am/is/are +being + 过去分词The walls are being painted now.正在粉刷墙壁.
5、 过去进行时：was/were +being + 过去分词The talk was being given at this time yesterday.昨天这个时候正在作报告.
6、 现在完成时：have/has been+过去分词The flowers have been watered.这些花已经被浇了.
7、 过去完成时：had been+过去分词She said this lift had never been used.
8、 过去将来时：would be+过去分词
The film would be shown again sometime next week. 这部电影下周的某个时候又将上映.
9.将来完成时（少用）shall/will have been done The project will have been completed before July.
2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式
1)带情态动词的被动结构.情态动词＋be＋过去分词.时态及句型的变化由情态动词完成,"be+过去分词"部分不变.The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 双宾语 通常变为主语的是间接宾语.直宾（事物）间宾（人）每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语,
His mother gave him a present for his birthday.
He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3) 动词+宾语+宾语补足语,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动.
　Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加to.
　Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5) 相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词＋介词”,“动词＋副词”等,也可用被动结构
　The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
3. 非谓语动词的被动语态 v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) .
　I don't like being laughed at in the public.
二、 如何使用被动语态
　学习被动语态时,不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态.
1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语).
　 My bike was stolen last night.
2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者.
　 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
3. 为了更好地安排句子.
　The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people.一个主语就够了）
三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”.有：
It is said that… 据说,It is reported that…据报道,It is believed that…大家相信,It is hoped that…大家希望,It is well known that…众所周知,It is thought that…大家认为,It is suggested that…据建议.　
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）
四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1.英语中有很多动词如 break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物.
　　This kind of cloth washes well.
注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响.
　　试比较：The door won't lock． （指门本身有毛病）
　　The door won't be locked． （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）
2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语,happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义.
　How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?
3. 某些感官动词和系动词接形容词可以表示被动意义.系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, look, smell, prove, wear等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义.Your reason sounds reasonable
3)某些作表语的形容词后,用不定式主动形式表示被动意义.
The conversation is hard to understand.对这话很难理解. The fish is not easy to fish.鱼不容易钓.
The passage is difficult to read.这段文章很难读懂.
五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
　　在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 .
1． 在need,want,require, bear, deserve, take, worth后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式. The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理.
2． 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式. The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．）
3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义.
　　I have a lot of things to do this afternoon． (to do与things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系.)
试比较：I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者.)
4. 在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义.这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等.
　　This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.
5．在too… to…结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义.
　　This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
6. 在there be…句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物.
There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost,谁 lost time不明确.）
7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动.然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义.
　Who is to blame for starting the fire?
六、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义
表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词.
1. “under +名词”结构,表示“某事在进行中”.under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）.
　The building is under construction( is being constructed).
2．“beyond+名词”结构,“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”.beyond belief (令人难以置信), beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及）,beyond one’s control（无法控制）,beyond our hope．我们的成功始料不及.
　The rumour is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．
3.“above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过……、高于……”.
　His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough．
4．“for+名词”结构,表示 “适于……、 为着……”.for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等.
　That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).
5．“in+名词”结构 ,表示“在……过程中或范围内”in print（在印刷中）in sight(在视野范围内),
　The book is not yet in print．(=is not yet printed)
6．“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事…中”.on sale(出售),on show（展出）, on trial（受审）.
　Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).
7．“out of+名词”结构 ； 表示 “超出…… 之外“,out of control (控制不了),out of sight （超出视线之外）,out of one’s reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等.　
　　The plane was out of control (can’t be controlled)． .
8．“within+名词”结构,“在……内、不超过……”.
　　He took two days off within the teacher's permission.