Question

翻译翻译

The present dependence on collateral and guarantee is indicative of the fact that banks now
have limited capabilities to assess, process, and price loans to smaller customers. Improvement of
these capabilities is the ultimate key to ensuring adequate access to credit for SMEs and will
require substantial upgrading of internal systems for assessing and managing risk and
considerable training of staff. However, it is particularly important that lenders have necessary
flexibility to charge lending rates that adequately compensate for risks and costs of their loans.
The SMEs have a relatively higher business failure rate than larger borrowers. Risks of lending to
SMEs are further increased by their relatively poor information systems, which makes it difficult
for banks to assess their creditworthiness. Official restrictions on bank’s flexibility in setting
lending rates were an increasing impediment to SME lending as banks became more conservative
in the effort to avoid further non performing loans.
Empirical analyses by MOLNAR and TANAKA (2007) show that private firms have
difficulties in obtaining financing from the formal banking system and their access to bank loans
depends on their credit history, size and rating that can’t easily be manipulated through creative
accounting. Loan decisions irrelevant of the financial health of the company may suggest that
banks, especially the largest ones, don’t have appropriate incentives to develop monitoring and
risk pricing skills as they mainly engage in lending to SOEs (i.e. they are not able to distinguish
between genuine and manipulated performance indicators). Firms in manufacturing sector are
more likely to get loans, probably due to the fact that manufacturing firms are more likely to
possess assets that can be used as collateral compared to firms in service industries.
请不要直接拿翻译软件 那个不通

Answer 1

现在依赖担保,担保的说明事实的银行
只有有限的能力去评估、过程、价格贷款给小的顾客。改进,
这种能力至关重要,它以确保足够的信贷渠道,为企业和意志
需要大量的内部系统升级为评估和管理风险和
可观的员工培训。然而,它是特别重要的,有必要贷方
负责借贷利率,弹性充分补偿他们的贷款的风险和成本。
有较高的中小型企业破产率比大贷款人。贷款的风险
摘要中小企业是进一步增加了他们的相对贫穷的信息系统,从而使它很困难
他们对银行资信评估。官方限制银行的灵活性
越来越多的贷款利率是中小企业贷款银行障碍变得更保守的
在努力避免进一步的非执行贷款。
通过实证分析MOLNAR与田中(2007)显示,私人公司
获得融资困难的银行系统和他们正式进入银行贷款
他们的信用历史,取决于大小和评级,不能轻易被操控通过创造性
会计。贷款决策无关的财务健康的公司可能暗示
银行,特别是大型的,没有适当的鼓励发展监测和
风险定价能力作为主要从事贷款给国有公司(例如,它们不能够区分开来
真正操纵性能指标之间)。公司在制造业
更容易获得贷款,可能由于生产厂商较容易
拥有资产可以用来作为抵押品相比,公司在服务行业。

Answer 2

现在依赖担保,担保的说明事实的银行
只有有限的能力去评估、过程、价格贷款给小的顾客。改进,
这种能力至关重要,它以确保足够的信贷渠道,为企业和意志
需要大量的内部系统升级为评估和管理风险和
可观的员工培训。然而,它是特别重要的,有必要贷方
负责借贷利率,弹性充分补偿他们的贷款的风险和成本。
有较高的中小型企业破产率比大贷款人。贷款的风险
摘要中小企业是进一步增加了他们的相对贫穷的信息系统,从而使它很困难
他们对银行资信评估。官方限制银行的灵活性
越来越多的贷款利率是中小企业贷款银行障碍变得更保守的
在努力避免进一步的非执行贷款。
通过实证分析MOLNAR与田中(2007)显示,私人公司
获得融资困难的银行系统和他们正式进入银行贷款
他们的信用历史,取决于大小和评级,不能轻易被操控通过创造性
会计。贷款决策无关的财务健康的公司可能暗示
银行,特别是大型的,没有适当的鼓励发展监测和
风险定价能力作为主要从事贷款给国有公司(例如,它们不能够区分开来
真正操纵性能指标之间)。公司在制造业
更容易获得贷款,可能由于生产厂商较容易
拥有资产可以用来作为抵押品相比,公司在服务行业。

Answer 3