如何提高雅思阅读效率1
2个回答
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第一，雅思阅读方法中最基本的就是详读和略读，这个方法掌握以后会节省考生大量的时间。
雅思阅读考试中有大量的填空题、问答题以及多项选择题，另外雅思阅读考试中同义词(synonyms)和释义表达(paraphrasing)非常多。
雅思阅读一般取材于报刊、杂志等，因此平时应大量阅读英文报刊，像《英国镜报》、《卫报》等，以了解英文报刊文章的表达习惯和常用表达式。
根据上面所列的两个特点，考生在做题目的过程中，要首先判断哪个是关键词(keywords)，以及它的同义词，然后根据该词迅速在文章中寻找，准确定位(locating
the expected
information)，最后根据要求填空。这个过程中详读和略读就起到了非常重要的作用，在关键词周围的段落一定要详细阅读，在不影响中心思想的过渡段落则可以适当的略读。如果大家能够掌握雅思阅读文章的写作特点，这两个方法的运用会更加成熟，也就会更快的找到答案。
第二，良好的阅读习惯是提高雅思阅读速度的重要保证。
很多考生在平时训练阅读时没有养成良好的阅读习惯，在阅读过程中，往往一遇到生词就想查文曲星、字典之类的辅助工具。
由于雅思阅读考试的取材都来自原版报刊杂志，文章中必然出现不少考生没有见过或者很少碰到的生词，尤其是学术类阅读第三篇文章的词汇量往往很大，这时良好的阅读习惯就成了我们能否获取理想成绩的关键。
词汇分：名词(用作主语或宾语)，动词(用作谓语)，形容词和副词(用作定语或状语)，我们发现，在相当多的情况下，形容词和副词是最难以记忆的，也就是我们不常熟悉的。但是它们一般不太会影响我们的句子理解能力。例如：
In 1770 Joseph Priestley, who also discovered oxygen, noticed that rubber
erase pencil marks. Despite this sired devious finding, it still took some time
before the material was to find wide spread application.
在上面这段文字中，sired devious,
material这两个词，从难易程度上看，几乎百分之百的考生都认识第二个词，而第一个词能够认识估计是少之又少了。但是我们会发现，影响我们理解的却是第二个词，“物质”在这里是什么意思?这两句话的意思是：
在1770年，发现氧气的Joseph
Priestley注意到，橡胶可以擦掉铅笔印记。尽管有了这一偶然发现，但仍然过了一段时间之后橡胶才得以广泛运用。
提示：the material这里就是指代：rubber,是英语中为避免表达重复而常常采用的表达方式。
第三，雅思阅读长难句的理解。
很多考生过分注重应试技巧，没有注重阅读理解能力的提高，在考试中往往面对一堆长长的句子，不知所措，稀里糊涂。
我们知道，英文句子由主语、谓语和宾语构成了基本句式，形成了“核心意群”(core
meaning)，它们的成分，如定语或者定语从句，状语等等在句子中仅仅起到对“核心意群”的修饰或者补充作用而已，不会对它产生很大的影响。
以上就是关于提高雅思阅读速度的三个方法，非常详细，其中对于详读和略读的方法应用是考生在备考中最应该掌握的，这两种方法在考场中的作用也是最明显的，大家可以在备考自己的雅思阅读考试的时候对此加以适当的练习和应用。同时，大家在备考自己的雅思阅读考试的时候，练习对文章的理解的同时更应该在正确的阅读习惯上多下些功夫。
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Academic Reading sample task – Identifying information
A There are now over 700 million motor vehicles in the world - and the number is rising by more than 40 million each year. The average distance driven by car users is growing too - from 8km a day per person in western Europe in 1965 to 25 km a day in 1995. This dependence on motor vehicles has given rise to major problems, including environmental pollution, depletion of oil resources, traffic congestion and safety. B While emissions from new cars are far less harmful than they used to be, city streets and motorways are becoming more crowded than ever, often with older trucks, buses and taxis which emit excessive levels of smoke and fumes. This concentration of vehicles makes air quality in urban areas unpleasant and sometimes dangerous to breathe. Even Moscow has joined the list of capitals afflicted by congestion and traffic fumes. In Mexico City, vehicle pollution is a major health hazard.
C Until a hundred years ago, most journeys were in the 20km range, the distance conveniently accessible by horse. Heavy freight could only be carried by water or rail. Invention of the motor vehicle brought personal mobility to the masses and made rapid freight delivery possible over a much wider area. In the United Kingdom, about 90 per cent of inland freight is carried by road. The world cannot revert to the horse-drawn wagon. Can it avoid being locked into congested and polluting ways of transporting people and goods?
D In Europe most cities are still designed for the old modes of transport. Adaptation to the motor car has involved adding ring roads, one-way systems and parking lots. In the United States, more land is assigned to car use than to housing. Urban sprawl means that life without a car is next to impossible. Mass use of motor vehicles has also killed or injured millions of people. Other social effects have been blamed on the car such as alienation and aggressive human behaviour.
E A 1993 study by the European Federation for Transport and Environment found that car transport is seven times as costly as rail travel in terms of the external social costs it entails - congestion, accidents, pollution, loss of cropland and natural habitats, depletion of oil resources, and so on. Yet cars easily surpass trains or
buses as a flexible and convenient mode of personal transport. It is unrealistic to expect people to give up private cars in favour of mass transit. Academic Reading sample task – Identifying information
F Technical solutions can reduce the pollution problem and increase the fuelled efficiency of engines. But fuel consumption and exhaust emissions depend on which cars are preferred by customers and how they are driven. Many people buy larger cars than they need for daily purposes or waste fuel by driving aggressively. Besides, global car use is increasing at a faster rate than the improvement in emissions and fuel efficiency which technology is now making possible.
G Some argue that the only long-term solution is to design cities and neighbourhoods so that car journeys are not necessary - all essential services being located within walking distance or easily accessible by public transport. Not only would this save energy and cut carbon dioxide emissions, it would also enhance the quality of community life, putting the emphasis on people instead of cars. Good local
2
government is already bringing this about in some places. But few democratic communities are blessed with the vision – and the capital – to make such profound changes in modern lifestyles.
H A more likely scenario seems to be a combination of mass transit systems for travel into and around cities, with small ‘low emission’ cars for urban use and larger hybrid or lean burn cars for use elsewhere. Electronically tolled highways might be used to ensure that drivers pay charges geared to actual road use. Better integration of transport systems is also highly desirable - and made more feasible by modern computers. But these are solutions for countries which can afford them. In most developing countries, old cars and old technologies continue to predominate
Questions 14 – 19
Sample Passage 7 has eight paragraphs labelled A-H. Which paragraphs contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 a comparison of past and present transportation methods 15 how driving habits contribute to road problems 16 the relative merits of cars and public transport 17 the writer’s prediction on future solutions 18 the increasing use of motor vehicles
19 the impact of the car on city development
Academic Reading sample task – Multiple choice
All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periseronend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil's productivity. The country subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.
Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output drive up the price of land. The annual value of these subsidies is immense: about $250 billion, or more than all World Bank lending in the 1980s. To increase the output of crops per acre, a farmer's easiest option is to use more of the most readily available inputs: fertilisers and pesticides. Fertiliser use doubled in Denmark in the perise 1960-1985 and increased in The Netherlands by 150
3
per cent. The quantity of pesticides applied has risen too: by 69 per cent in 1975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 per cent in the frequency of application in the three years from 1981.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984. A study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertiliser use (a fall compounded by the decline in world commodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies also stopped land-clearing and over-stocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion. Farms began to diversify. The one kind of subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the environment was the subsidy to manage soil erosion.
In less enlightened countries, and in the European Union, the trend has been to reduce rather than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce new payments to encourage farmers to treat their land in environmentally friendlier ways, or to leave it fallow. It may sound strange but such payments need to be higher than the existing incentives for farmers to grow food crops. Farmers, however, dislike being paid to do nothing. In several countries they have become interested in the possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a replacement for petrol (as ethanol) or as fuel for power stations (as biomass). Such fuels produce far less carbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow. They are therefore less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect. But they are rarely competitive with fossil fuels unless subsidised - and growing them does no less environmental harm than other crops.
Questions 10 – 12
Choose the appropriate letters A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 10-12 on your answer sheet.
10 Research completed in 1982 found that in the United States soil erosion A reduced the productivity of farmland by 20 per cent. B was almost as severe as in India and China.
C was causing significant damage to 20 per cent of farmland.
D could be reduced by converting cultivated land to meadow or forest. 11 By the mid-1980s, farmers in Denmark
A used 50 per cent less fertiliser than Dutch farmers. B used twice as much fertiliser as they had in 1960. C applied fertiliser much more frequently than in 1960.
D more than doubled the amount of pesticide they used in just 3 years. 12 Which one of the following increased in New Zealand after 1984? A farm incomes B use of fertiliser C over-stocking
D farm diversification Academic Reading sample task – Multiple choice
Academic Reading sample task – Table completion
A There are now over 700 million motor vehicles in the world - and the number is rising by more than 40 million each year. The average distance driven by car users is growing too - from 8km a day per person in western Europe in 1965 to 25 km a day in 1995. This dependence on motor vehicles has given rise to major problems, including environmental pollution, depletion of oil resources, traffic congestion and safety. B While emissions from new cars are far less harmful than they used to be, city streets and motorways are becoming more crowded than ever, often with older trucks, buses and taxis which emit excessive levels of smoke and fumes. This concentration of vehicles makes air quality in urban areas unpleasant and sometimes dangerous to breathe. Even Moscow has joined the list of capitals afflicted by congestion and traffic fumes. In Mexico City, vehicle pollution is a major health hazard.
C Until a hundred years ago, most journeys were in the 20km range, the distance conveniently accessible by horse. Heavy freight could only be carried by water or rail. Invention of the motor vehicle brought personal mobility to the masses and made rapid freight delivery possible over a much wider area. In the United Kingdom, about 90 per cent of inland freight is carried by road. The world cannot revert to the horse-drawn wagon. Can it avoid being locked into congested and polluting ways of transporting people and goods?
D In Europe most cities are still designed for the old modes of transport. Adaptation to the motor car has involved adding ring roads, one-way systems and parking lots. In the United States, more land is assigned to car use than to housing. Urban sprawl means that life without a car is next to impossible. Mass use of motor vehicles has also killed or injured millions of people. Other social effects have been blamed on the car such as alienation and aggressive human behaviour.
E A 1993 study by the European Federation for Transport and Environment found that car transport is seven times as costly as rail travel in terms of the external social costs it entails - congestion, accidents, pollution, loss of cropland and natural habitats, depletion of oil resources, and so on. Yet cars easily surpass trains or
buses as a flexible and convenient mode of personal transport. It is unrealistic to expect people to give up private cars in favour of mass transit. Academic Reading sample task – Identifying information
F Technical solutions can reduce the pollution problem and increase the fuelled efficiency of engines. But fuel consumption and exhaust emissions depend on which cars are preferred by customers and how they are driven. Many people buy larger cars than they need for daily purposes or waste fuel by driving aggressively. Besides, global car use is increasing at a faster rate than the improvement in emissions and fuel efficiency which technology is now making possible.
G Some argue that the only long-term solution is to design cities and neighbourhoods so that car journeys are not necessary - all essential services being located within walking distance or easily accessible by public transport. Not only would this save energy and cut carbon dioxide emissions, it would also enhance the quality of community life, putting the emphasis on people instead of cars. Good local
2
government is already bringing this about in some places. But few democratic communities are blessed with the vision – and the capital – to make such profound changes in modern lifestyles.
H A more likely scenario seems to be a combination of mass transit systems for travel into and around cities, with small ‘low emission’ cars for urban use and larger hybrid or lean burn cars for use elsewhere. Electronically tolled highways might be used to ensure that drivers pay charges geared to actual road use. Better integration of transport systems is also highly desirable - and made more feasible by modern computers. But these are solutions for countries which can afford them. In most developing countries, old cars and old technologies continue to predominate
Questions 14 – 19
Sample Passage 7 has eight paragraphs labelled A-H. Which paragraphs contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 a comparison of past and present transportation methods 15 how driving habits contribute to road problems 16 the relative merits of cars and public transport 17 the writer’s prediction on future solutions 18 the increasing use of motor vehicles
19 the impact of the car on city development
Academic Reading sample task – Multiple choice
All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periseronend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil's productivity. The country subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.
Government policies have frequently compounded the environmental damage that farming can cause. In the rich countries, subsidies for growing crops and price supports for farm output drive up the price of land. The annual value of these subsidies is immense: about $250 billion, or more than all World Bank lending in the 1980s. To increase the output of crops per acre, a farmer's easiest option is to use more of the most readily available inputs: fertilisers and pesticides. Fertiliser use doubled in Denmark in the perise 1960-1985 and increased in The Netherlands by 150
3
per cent. The quantity of pesticides applied has risen too: by 69 per cent in 1975-1984 in Denmark, for example, with a rise of 115 per cent in the frequency of application in the three years from 1981.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s some efforts were made to reduce farm subsidies. The most dramatic example was that of New Zealand, which scrapped most farm support in 1984. A study of the environmental effects, conducted in 1993, found that the end of fertiliser subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertiliser use (a fall compounded by the decline in world commodity prices, which cut farm incomes). The removal of subsidies also stopped land-clearing and over-stocking, which in the past had been the principal causes of erosion. Farms began to diversify. The one kind of subsidy whose removal appeared to have been bad for the environment was the subsidy to manage soil erosion.
In less enlightened countries, and in the European Union, the trend has been to reduce rather than eliminate subsidies, and to introduce new payments to encourage farmers to treat their land in environmentally friendlier ways, or to leave it fallow. It may sound strange but such payments need to be higher than the existing incentives for farmers to grow food crops. Farmers, however, dislike being paid to do nothing. In several countries they have become interested in the possibility of using fuel produced from crop residues either as a replacement for petrol (as ethanol) or as fuel for power stations (as biomass). Such fuels produce far less carbon dioxide than coal or oil, and absorb carbon dioxide as they grow. They are therefore less likely to contribute to the greenhouse effect. But they are rarely competitive with fossil fuels unless subsidised - and growing them does no less environmental harm than other crops.
Questions 10 – 12
Choose the appropriate letters A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 10-12 on your answer sheet.
10 Research completed in 1982 found that in the United States soil erosion A reduced the productivity of farmland by 20 per cent. B was almost as severe as in India and China.
C was causing significant damage to 20 per cent of farmland.
D could be reduced by converting cultivated land to meadow or forest. 11 By the mid-1980s, farmers in Denmark
A used 50 per cent less fertiliser than Dutch farmers. B used twice as much fertiliser as they had in 1960. C applied fertiliser much more frequently than in 1960.
D more than doubled the amount of pesticide they used in just 3 years. 12 Which one of the following increased in New Zealand after 1984? A farm incomes B use of fertiliser C over-stocking
D farm diversification Academic Reading sample task – Multiple choice
Academic Reading sample task – Table completion
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