Question

求有关城乡居民收入差距方面的外文翻译：英文3000字和中文5000字

请给篇外文翻译，关于城乡居民收入差距方面的，有英文和中文。英文3000字，翻译成中文5000字

Answer 1

　　【摘要】改革开放以来，我国城乡居民在收入水平提高的同时，收入差距也在明显扩大。文章通过深入分析各种相关原因对我国城乡居民收入差距变动的影响，揭示其主次顺序，以期为我国缩小城乡差别提供政策依据。
　　【关键词】城乡收入；差距；原因

　　党的十六大报告指出，我国刚刚达到的总体小康是低水平的、不完全的、发展很不平衡的小康社会。党的十六届六中全会进一步指出，目前，我国社会总体上是和谐的。但是，也存在不少影响社会和谐的矛盾和问题，主要是城乡察郑弊、区域、经济社会发展很不平衡，人口资源环境压力加大；就业、社会保障、收入分配、教育、医疗、住房、安全生产、社会治安等方面关系群众切身利益的问题比较突出等。其中发展很不平衡的直接而重要的表现是农民增收迟缓、城乡收入差别过大。2003年城乡居民收入比为3.23：1，2004年稍降至3.21：1。但是，这还不能反映城乡居民生活的实际差距。首先，目前统计农民收入是根据户籍来进行的，少数高收入的非村民掩盖了多数种田的真村民。其次，农民纯收入中包括生产资料费用，扣除后生活费用只剩纯收入的65%。最后，城市居民享有各种住房、医疗、教育、交通以及公共产品等，农民享受不了。因此，国家统计局副局长邱晓华在2002年第五届中国成长企业CEO峰会上指出，中国城乡居民收入差距大大高于帐面上的3：1，这个差距应该为5：1，甚至达到6：1。2004年，由中国社会科学院经济研究所经过数年跟踪所做出的一份全国性调查报告显示，近年来中国城乡收入差距不断拉大，如果把医疗、教育、失业保障等非货币因素考虑进去，中国的城乡收入差距世界最高。
　　一、制度变迁
　　中国城乡收入分配差距，是旧的制度体系局部沉淀及新的制度体系尚未完善的制度变迁的特殊过程的结果。计划经济向社会主义市场经济整体制度变迁，使得生产要素有平等的机会参与市场的竞争，按其贡献大小来获取报酬。由于生产要素的获取过程非均等，导致生产要素占有的差异不断加剧，加之市场价格的偏差，通过要素分配这一前提，进而导致收入分配差距的不断扩大和积累。同时，转型过程中相关的利益获得者利用获取的非正常收入，作为要素投入市场竞争，使初次分配的差距结果，又转化为再生产中的生产条件占有的差距，通过正常途径又获取更多的收入，从而使差距更大。
　　二、城乡不同的产业特性
　　城乡收入差距首先与城乡产业特性有关。现在的农村虽然包含了多种产业，但农业在农村经济结构中占有重要地位，这与城市有本质区别。无论在农业资源禀赋丰富的欧美，抑或是农业资源禀赋稀缺的东南亚国家和地区，只要存在工业和农业两大部门，其收入差距就一定存在。农产品收入需求弹性小的特点，决定了经济发展达到一定程度后农业增长必然要慢于第二、第三产业。在中国，农业生产率和（城市）工业生产率的差距非常大。即使在考虑了数据误差后，城市工业的生产率仍是农村的9倍。造成生产率巨大差距的原因之一是中国实施资本高度密集的工业化战略。近10年来，我国GDP结构中，第一产业所占比重下降了十多个百分点，相应第二、第三产业上升十多个百分点。工业和农业两大部门的生产方式不同。工业可以重复、连续不断地使用机械化生产，农业则必然与自然交织。现代农业的发展要依赖农业技术进步，但农业科技成果市场化比工业等其他部门更为困难。农业科技投资风险大、周期长、见效慢的特点，使其在与工商业之败族间以及其他农业生产性投资效益的比较中处于劣势。还有，农业技术推广具有很强的共享性和公益性，农业技术的提供者很难从市场得到相应的回报。与发达国家相比我国对农业科技的投入相对较低，多年来低于农业总产值的0.2%。因此，农业科技的开发、推广、应用等各环节都可能因资金严重不足而陷入困境。
　　三、二元经济结构的体制与政策
　　城乡二元社会结构是指城乡之间因为人口流动受到严格约束而出现的一种分割状态。中国自1955年颁布《中华人民共和国户口管理条例》起，就将全国人口截然分成了市民和农民。户籍成为决定城乡居民身份、地位和福利的根本标准，直接导致了城乡居民在获取收入方面的起点的严重不平等。从20世纪90年代以来，随着城市改革的深入推进，我国二元经济结构体制不仅没有调整改善，反而继续强化扩大，已严重阻碍了经济的进一步发展。具体表现如下，首先，相对于我国的经济增长速度，城乡二元结构转换滞后丛纳，导致农村大量劳动力闲置，农民收入增长缓慢，城乡差距进一步扩大。其次，城乡二元经济结构体制决定了城乡居民劳动生产率方面的巨大差异。由于农业生产率低下，加之大量农业剩余劳动力一时难以被安置，使原本就收入低的农民在社会急剧变迁阶段与城市居民收入进一步拉大。最后，城乡二元经济结构体制使中国农民在教育、医疗、劳保、养老、福利等社会待遇上，以及就业、分配等经济待遇上不平等，这些不平等更进一步导致了农村居民在以后获取收入能力与机会方面与城镇居民的差距。
　　四、工业化进程中的工农业产品价格的剪刀差强制性的以赶超为目标的工业化优先发展战略，虽然对社会主义经济建设起到了积极作用，但是对中国城乡收入分配差距却产生了非常深刻的影响。一个非常重要的事实是，在其进程中，依靠行政命令方式产生的工农业产品价格剪刀差直接影响了中国城乡收入分配的格局。中国在计划经济时期实行的工农业价格剪刀差，是将农业部门创造的部分国民收入转换到工业部门，以促进其发展，其本质就是通过行政命令方式强制进行国民收入再分配，这种再分配的结果就是将大量的农业资源转移到工业部门，不可避免地造成了农业生产的低效。改革初期，通过价格改革，部分农产品的国家收购价和市场价已大体持平，但到20世纪80年代后半期差距重新扩大。从全国来看，1950～1978年间通过剪刀差从农业取得了大约5100亿元，改革开放以后的1979～1994年15年间，国家通过剪刀差使农业向城市无偿贡献了大约15000亿元。对城市居民的价格补贴从未中断，20多年来补贴总额超过8000亿元，2001年补贴额达到1043亿元，占政府预算总额的6.57%，这都拉大了城乡收入差距。
　　五、财政支农政策不尽完善，农民的财政性负担沉重
　　政府政策的取向对城乡收入差距的走向起着重要的作用，政府财政支出结构的变化是体现政府政策偏好的最直接反应。在市场经济条件下，农业的弱质性和它在国民经济中的重要地位客观上要求国家财政加大对农业的投资力度，支持那些投资大、周期长、风险高，但外在效益显著的项目（如农村基础设施、农业科技研发和推广、生态环境保护等）以弥补市场机制在资源配置中的缺陷，增强农业的竞争力。然而长期以来政府对农村的财政支出不仅有限，而且出现相对下降的趋势，不仅低于发展中国家水平，更低于发达国家水平。近几年尽管国家加大了“三农”的投入力度，进行社会主义新农村建设，但城市偏向的总体格局并未根本改变。在市场经济条件下，政府的职能主要是向公民提供公共产品（服务），为私人产品的生产创造良好的社会环境。对农村

　　Abstract Since reform and opening up, China's urban and rural residents to raise the income levels at the same time, the income gap has also expanded significantly. Through in-depth analysis of articles related to the reasons for the income gap between urban and rural residents of China's changes, revealing the order of its priorities with a view to narrowing the urban-rural divide in our country in accordance with policy.
　　Key words urban and rural income; gap; reasons

　　The report pointed out that the party's National Congress, China has just reached a low level of overall well-off is not complete and is very uneven development of the well-off society. Six 10 Sixth Party Plenum further pointed out that at present, our society is harmonious in general. However, there is a lot of impact on social harmony contradictions and problems, mainly in urban and rural areas, regional, economic and social development is very uneven, increasing pressure on population, resources and environment; employment, social security, income distribution, education, health care, housing, security production, social security and other aspects of the relationship between people's immediate interests, such as the more prominent issues. Which is very uneven development of the performance of direct and important is the slow increase of farmers, urban-rural income differential is too large. Urban and rural incomes in 2003 than for years 3.23:1,2004 slightly to 3.21:1. However, it also does not reflect the actual lives of the residents of urban and rural gap. First of all, the current statistics are based on household income of the farmers to the small number of high-income non-residents to cover up the true majority of the villagers farming. Secondly, the net income of farmers, including the means of production costs, after deducting the cost of living only 65% of net income. Finally, urban residents enjoy a variety of housing, medical care, education, transport and public products, farmers can not enjoy. Therefore, the National Bureau of Statistics Qiu Xiaohua, deputy director in 2002 at the Fifth China Enterprise Summit CEO pointed out that the income gap between urban and rural residents in China is much higher than the 3:1 on the books, this gap should be 5:1, even to the 6:1. in 2004 by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Economic Research, after a few years made a follow-up national survey report shows that in recent years, China's urban-rural income gap was becoming larger, if the health, education, unemployment protection, etc. non-monetary factors into account, the income gap between urban and rural areas of China the world's highest.
　　First, institutional change
　　China's urban and rural income distribution gap, the old system of local precipitation and the new system has yet to perfect the process of institutional change the outcome of the special. Planned economy to socialist market economy as a whole system change, the factors of production are equal opportunity to participate in competition in the market, according to their contribution to obtain the reward. Access to factors of production as a result of the process of non-equal, leading to differences in factors of production, increasing share, combined with the deviation of market prices, through the elements of the distribution of this premise, which led to the gap between income distribution and accumulation of the expansion. At the same time, the process of transformation related to the interests of recipients of non-use access to the normal income element of competition into the market, so that the gap between the results of the initial distribution, and reproduction into possession of the gap between production conditions, to obtain through normal channels and more income, so that a greater gap.
　　Second, the urban and rural characteristics of different industries
　　First of all, the income gap between urban and rural industries and urban and rural characteristics. Although the rural areas now contain a variety of industries, but the economic structure of agriculture in the rural areas plays an important role, which is the essential difference between cities. Both in the rich endowment of agricultural resources in Europe and America, or is it scarce endowment of agricultural resources in Southeast Asian countries and regions, as long as there are two major industrial and agricultural sectors, the income gap will certainly exist. Small agricultural income elasticity of demand characteristics, determines the economic development reaches a certain extent are bound to slow agricultural growth in the second and third industries. In China, agricultural productivity and (urban) industrial productivity gap is very big. Even taking into account the data errors, the urban industrial productivity is still 9-fold in rural areas. Productivity caused by the huge gap is one of the reasons for the implementation of China's high capital-intensive industrialization strategy. Over the past 10 years, China's GDP structure, the proportion of primary industry dropped by more than 10 percentage points, the corresponding secondary and tertiary industries increased by more than 10 percentage points. Two major industrial and agricultural production in different ways. Industries are able to repeat, continuous use of mechanized production, agriculture is necessarily intertwined with nature. The development of modern agriculture have to rely on technological progress in agriculture, but market-oriented scientific and technological achievements in agriculture than other sectors of industry more difficult. Risk of investing in agricultural science and technology, long cycle and the characteristics of the slow effect, so that between the trade and industry and other agricultural production and the comparison of investment returns at a disadvantage. In addition, the promotion of agricultural technology sharing has a strong and public welfare, agriculture, technology providers from the market very difficult to get returns. Compared with developed countries on agricultural science and technology of China's relatively low investment, over the years is lower than 0.2% of total agricultural output value. Therefore, agricultural science and technology development, promotion, application and other links can be a serious shortage of funds in financial difficulties.
　　Third, the dual economic structure, institutional and policy
　　Urban-rural social structure refers to the population movement between urban and rural areas because there are strictly bound by the state of a partition. Since 1955 China promulgated the "Regulations on the Management Accounts People's Republic of China" since the country's population will be completely divided into public and farmers. Determining residence status of urban and rural residents, the status and welfare of the fundamental standards, a direct result of the urban and rural residents in obtaining the starting point for income inequality. From the 20th century, since the 90's, with the city to promote the deepening of reform, China's dual economic structure to adjust the system not only failed to improve, but continue to expand, has seriously hindered the further development of the economy. Specific performance is as follows, first of all, vis-à-vis China's economic growth rate lagged behind the urban-rural structural transformation, resulting in a large number of rural labor force is idle, the slow growth of farmers income, urban-rural gap is widening. Second, the urban-rural dual economic structure determines the labor productivity of urban and rural residents of the great differences. As a result of low agricultural productivity, coupled with a large number of surplus labor in agriculture can not be placed so that the original low-income farmers in the phase of rapid changes in society and further widen the income of urban residents. Finally, the urban-rural dual economic structure and system so that Chinese farmers in education, health care, insurance, pension, welfare and other social treatment, as well as employment, distribution of treatment, such as economic inequality, which further led to inequality in the future of rural residents to obtain earning capacity and opportunities with the gap between urban residents.
　　Fourth, the process of industrialization of the agricultural and industrial product prices to catch up with scissors mandatory for the objectives of giving priority to the development strategy of industrialization, while the socialist economic construction has played a positive role, but the distribution of urban-rural income gap in China has produced a very deep impact. A very important fact is that in its process, relying on the way of executive orders of the industrial and agricultural product prices have a direct impact on price scissors in China's pattern of income distribution in urban and rural areas. China's planned economy period in the implementation of the industrial and agricultural price scissors is part of the agricultural sector created by the conversion of national income to the industrial sector in order to promote its development, its essence is mandatory through an executive order of national income redistribution, such redistribution The result is a large number of agricultural resources will be transferred to the industrial sector, has inevitably led to inefficiency in agricultural production. Reform of the early adoption of price reform, some countries farm price and the market has been largely unchanged, but the 20th century the latter half of the 80's re-expansion of the gap. Nationally, between 1950 to 1978, achieved through price scissors from agriculture about 510 billion yuan, after the reform and opening up from 1979 to 1994, 15 years, the state through the scissors so that the contribution of agriculture to the city free of charge about 1.5 trillion yuan. Price subsidies for urban residents has never been interrupted, the total amount of more than 20 years of subsidies to more than 800 billion yuan in 2001, subsidies amounted to 104.3 billion yuan, accounting for the total government budget of 6.57 percent, which dragged a big income gap between urban and rural areas.
　　V. Financial agriculture policy not perfect, the farmers of the financial burden
　　Government policy on the direction of the income gap between urban and rural areas plays an important role, the Government changes in the structure of fiscal expenditure reflects government policy preferences of the most direct response. Under market economy conditions, a weak agriculture and its importance in the national economy on the status of the objective requirements of the state finance to increase investment in agriculture, to support those investments, and long-term, high risks, but significant external benefits items (such as rural infrastructure, agricultural science and technology R & D and promotion of ecological and environmental protection, etc.) to make up for the market mechanism in the allocation of resources defects, and enhance the competitiveness of agriculture. However, the Government's long-standing fiscal expenditure in rural areas is not only limited, but there is also a trend of relative decline, not only below the level of developing countries, even lower than the level of developed countries. Although the state has increased in recent years, the "three rural issues" of investment for building new socialist countryside, but the overall pattern of urban bias has not fundamentally changed. In a market economy, the Government's functions is to provide citizens with public goods (services), for private production to create a good social environment. Rural

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