Question

一个语法问题

Oil rigs have to be repaired frequently and divers,who often have to work in darkness a hundred feet under,have been frightened out of their wits by giant fish bumping into them as they work.
这里的bumping是什么成分，为什么用ing

now they have had special cages made to protect them from these monsters.
made to是动词吗，made前面怎么没有to

Answer 1

此处的bump相当于一个修饰语，作伴随状语，由于bump和fish是主动关系，所以用-ing形式。
当make是主动语态时是不加to的，只有被动语态时要加，就象你说的那个例句，make和cages是被动关系，所以要补加不定式to.
你所说的两个问题是同样的道理，多做一些就行了。

Answer 2

now they have had special cages made to protect them from these monsters.
made to是动词吗，made前面怎么没有to
这句句子写全了应该是now they have had special cages which are made to protect them from these monsters. （这里是一种语法的省略）

Answer 3

动词加ING作补语表示伴随当时的动作,起"正在,主动"的作用.
而过去分词则表示"已经做过,且被要求那样"

MAKE通常情况下后接动词原形,但它在被动语态中,后面的动词必须加TO.只有LET除外,它在任何情况下都后接动词原形.

Answer 4

有的动名词形式，表示主动的

Answer 5

因为是现在进行时态