Question

急求一篇与商业银行中间业务有关的英文文章，3000字左右！急，感激不尽

很感谢julie12345678 ，不过这篇文章的内容好像较偏向于商业银行业务的发展。
补充下问题，最好是侧重于中间业务的文章，而不只是在文章某部分有提到一些，另外最好能写明文章作者、出处。万分感谢！ (特别说明：要原创英文文章）

Answer 1

Intermediate business of commercial banks and the development of intermediate business of commercial banks in China with a comprehensive international comparison

The middle of a commercial banking business development activities because of
1.1 an inevitable choice for commercial banks
Intermediate business of commercial banks and the rapid development of the emergence of the underlying reasons are not only driven, but also the result of external factors. First of all, the international community to enter the countries have relaxed controls, the liberalization of banking and international trends, including greatly to the middle of the business, including the pace of financial innovation; Second, market competition has also promoted the development of intermediary business, traditional business of commercial banks not only faced competition in the same industry, and along with the development of capital market countries, greatly increased the proportion of direct financing, the traditional commercial banks assets, liabilities, business increasingly showing a "sunset industry" the decline, therefore, commercial banks were forced to carry out new business innovation to create a new source of profits; again, the middle of business innovation is the result of market demand, due to frequent fluctuations in interest rates and exchange rates, enterprises and commercial banks in which the uncertainty of economic environment, increasing the risk of which the effective management tools, in particular, a number of financial derivatives had a demand for the development of the banking intermediary business that is risk management in order to satisfy customers, as well as other diversified financial services; Finally, the banks have their own advantages, as well as 20 practical information technology since the 80's the development and extensive use of commercial banks for the development of intermediary business possible. February 1987 at Northwestern University in the United States held a deposit-taking institutions on asset securitization and the risk of development of intermediary business seminar, a scholar on the development of commercial banks in the middle of a large number of business reasons for concluding, that is, commercial banks the development of intermediary business and technology, control, interest rate risk, customer competition, factors such as capital adequacy ratio are closely related.
1.2 The significance of the development of intermediary business
(A) can be extended into a commercial bank intermediary function, to expand their business scale.
(B) commercial banks can spread business risks, and enhance the bank's ability to resist risks.
(C) can play a variety of business, "bundling" effect to enhance the competitiveness of the banks. Intermediate business of commercial banks between other business interaction and mutual influence, and the development of intermediary business for the banks not only bring direct profits, but also with other business, the second interaction of the market to enhance the competitiveness of banks.
Second, commercial banks in the development of intermediary business
2.1 The broader business scope, a wide variety.
Western countries of the middle-run commercial banks and a wide variety of products to meet the diverse needs of customers, the commercial banks for the new business innovation. The scope of business covered by the middle of the traditional banking, trust services, investment banking, mutual funds and insurance business. They can engage in money market operations, but also can engage in discounting commercial paper and capital markets business.
Gradually expand the business scale of 2.2, rising income levels.
From 1993 to 1996 among the U.S. banking business grew from 912 billion U.S. dollars to 12.188 trillion U.S. dollars, accounting for bank assets from 78% to 142.9%, of which the seven largest banks in the middle of the business lending per cent more than doubled and more. Living in the forefront of the U.S. banking industry, Citigroup, the Americas, such as the middle of the five major banking groups involved in the operational activities of the total assets of more than 2.2 trillion U.S. dollars has the same period, assets and liabilities that banks under the total assets of 780 billion U.S. dollars for the capital sum for the 45 billion U.S. dollars; intermediary business 3 years the average growth rate to 54.2%, much higher than the 9 percent average annual total assets and total capital at an average annual growth rate of 21.6 percent. ①
2.3 Middle-income structure of the business change.
Western commercial banks from 1980 to 1990 of 10 years, the total income of non-spread revenue rapid upward trend in both. The middle of foreign banks operating income generally accounts for 40% of total revenue -50%. Acceptance in the United States, Citibank, credit investigation, credit rating companies, assets evaluation business, personal financial advisor business, long-term foreign exchange trading, foreign exchange futures, foreign exchange options, and other intermediary business represented 80 percent brought their profits deposit and lending business profits accounted for only 20% of the total profits. ②
2.4 Service means of advanced and high technology.
Improvement in the level of science and technology for the development of intermediate business of commercial banks to provide a strong foundation for technical support and innovation, especially in recent years can be at any time and any place in any way to provide customers with personalized service network of banks, the emergence of Internet banking promoted the development of intermediary business. With the international advanced banking payment system on its strong business in the middle was a huge amount of service fee revenue.

Third, commercial banks Analysis of intermediate products
3.1 Clearing-type intermediate products
Clearing products are usually divided into promissory notes, bills of exchange, the three types of checks. Settlement of funds between the time of the settlement act, for the customers, the main demand is to use the banking clearing system, security and timely transfer of funds. Settlement is therefore a means of clearing operations to ensure the successful completion of an important link. On the characteristics of the clearing business, its risk may come from three aspects: customer risk factors, risk factors of post and telecommunications sector and banking risk factors. For the banks, the first two banks of external risks, which is the bank's internal risk. ③
3.2 security type of intermediate products
With the development of international trade, the Western commercial banks faster development of the security business, including standby letters of credit, guarantee the payment, performance bond, bid security, supervision, such as payment by the common varieties. Chinese and foreign commercial banks, the security business is production of the intermediate business with commercial banks to carry out security operations is the use of banks to provide credit support, that one has to bear because of the risks associated with credit support.
Intermediate goods 3.3 Management
Mainly divided into the banking business, safe operations, Personal Financial Services. Since the last century is the era, as the world's financial system, industry structure, organizational structure, operational modalities and competition is undergoing a profound transformation. The changes in the traditional banking, securities, insurance, trust business increasingly blurred boundaries between the business, while seeking to promote and strengthen the commercial banking and financial activities of globalization and virtual organizations, the banks of the insurance industry to flourish here development. With the development of the world economy, personal financial services showing a huge space for development. And personal financial services customers of commercial banks is the core personal financial services in the commercial banks to the "financial services supermarket" the process of development, personal financial services of commercial banks at home and abroad has become the focal point of retail business one.
3.4 Advisory type of intermediate products
Intermediary business consulting category refers to the transfer, sale information and provide intelligence services to the main contents of the intermediary business. Commercial banks on their own information, talent, credibility and other areas, the collection and presentation of information and information of these customers, as well as banks and financial analysis of campaign records to form a system of information and programs made available to customers, one to meet their management or business development needs. Include: credit, corporate credit rating, assets evaluation business and financial information; business and personal financial advisor business; business consultant business investment and financing, including financing and the international syndicated loan arrangement.
3.5 bank cards, online banking intermediate products
Bank credit card is the issue of commercial banks to the community with consumer credit, debit settlement, access to cash in whole or in part, such as a credit payment function. Its fast development, many countries have become an important business, many banks and the major source of profit for variety. Internet banking is a banking service to provide customers with new tools, which the existing banking business, based on the use of Internet technology to provide customers with comprehensive, consent, security, real-time financial services. Internet banking is not only a banking innovation is the organizational structure of a bank穿心At the same time, the emergence of Internet banking so that the expansion of commercial banks to find new channels for the middle of the business.
Fourth, the middle of the latest developments in the direction of business
Securitization of credit assets 4.1
Securitization of credit assets refers to a group of poor liquidity through a portfolio of assets, so that this group of assets to generate stable and predictable cash flow proceeds through the intermediary of certain credit enhancement, the proceeds of these assets the right to change as flows in the financial markets, higher credit rating of bond-type securities. In essence, will be financing the securitization of future cash proceeds of the assets and the corresponding right to transfer the risk to investors, and the transfer of ownership of the assets may not be entirely. ④
4.2 fund business
A long time, China's commercial banks to develop intermediary business not as a main industry and the new profit growth point to run, but also our country's strict separation of management and other factors, so that the development of the banking sector has been greater restrictions. A direct consequence of these restrictions is that domestic commercial banks and weak financial innovation. Have been carried out in the middle of the retail business of the development of varieties, not to profit maximization as the goal, but as absorbing as a means of customer deposits, which resulted in business receipts in the middle of the contribution rate for banks with low profit situation. Commercial banks in China's current total income, the proportion of all interest income more than 90%. This revenue structure is to enable the assets of China's commercial banks profitability in the last century since the 90's has been in a continuous downward trend in one of the main reasons. Studies have shown that commercial banks in the U.S. the average asset profit rate of China's four state-owned commercial banks average of 12.86 times. This shows that the middle of my business cards, many types of projects though, but their purpose and profit with the situation in Western developed countries, significant differences between the modern commercial banking business and a lot of content has yet to enter our field of vision. ⑥
8, China's commercial banks lag in the middle of the reasons for business development
8.1 on the traditional state-owned commercial businesses, as well as the long-term monopoly control of the central bank's interest rates led directly to commercial banks to create a modern inadequate.
From abroad, the development of banking business, the increasingly intensified competition in the market forces and customers is to continuously strengthen the bank to speed up the expansion of the main reasons for non-margin business. China's banking industry from the historical path of development, the historical factors strangle a certain extent, the domestic commercial banks to expand their business and the autonomy of consciousness. "Unification" of thinking, as well as the banking system more rigid domestic commercial banks used to make the government's command, the lack of response to the economic situation to customers and the market as guide, based on the formulation and implementation of their own advantages for their own development strategies of motivation and ability.
8.2 the development of intermediate business of commercial banks led to a substantial risk of financial regulation will make the existing system is facing tremendous pressure.
The financial sector at the policy orientation of business limits the room for the development of intermediary business. Most of the middle of the business belonging to banks and non-bank financial institutions operating in the field of cross-cutting, so inrong the state's macroeconomic management policies of banks, non-bank financial institutions, the limited scope of business directly determines the intermediate business of commercial banks to open up space. I started in 1993 from a banking, securities, insurance, trust the strict separation of management, the banks can not create a cross-sectoral, comprehensive, multi-faceted business intermediate products, it is difficult to raise the level of business and level of intensive
8.3 Bank charges among the business and the lack of standardization.
In the absence of corresponding fees and charges based mechanism, the intermediary business difficult and hard to charge fees, particularly the phenomenon of table. Charges not specifically reflected in the financial institutions among the business no express provision charges. Difficult to charge in fees and charges due to lack of enforcement mechanism, financial institutions are afraid of arbitrary collection of charges the suspect.
8.4 China's banking industry has developed the "marketing model" and the "marketing habit" has severely constrained the development of intermediary business.
From foreign banks to expand business model point of view, primarily by the consumer to facilitate this, fast, safe and customer service benefits, are a typical "product marketing." As for the domestic banking industry, the product quality and price are often relegated to a secondary position, "relationship marketing" has become the domestic banking industry to explore the middle of the main mode of business. At present, commercial banks remain the main customer base to large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, state-owned enterprises and property rights Fuzzy principal - agent problem makes enterprise managers pay more attention to the pursuit of personal interests, at this time the relationship between banks and their customers has become a successful product whether or not the key. ⑦

Main References:
① Bank for International Settlements: "International Financial Market Development Report", published in 1999
② Ho five-star: "Financial Innovation in Development", Southwest University of Finance and Economics Press, 2000
③ Yang Ming-sheng: "Commercial Bank's Intermediary Business Products practical manual." Beijing, China Financial Publishing House, 2002
④ Peter • Rose book, Liu Garden translation: "Commercial Bank Management", Beijing, Mechanical Industry Press, 2001
⑤ after lam-chun: "commercial banks intermediate innovative business risk prevention and control", containing "China's financial fortnightly" 2003
Zhang Guohai ⑥: "Commercial Bank's Intermediary Business Development Strategy in the International Comparison", in "Financial Research", 2003
⑦姚德良: "I have been the middle of the commercial business development implied by the low level of research", in "Finance and Trade Economy", 2004

Answer 2

The beginning of the temples of ancient Babylon, for up to four thousand years in the evolution of a long and tortuous history, the banking industry has never stopped the main theme of change and development. Every day, you may be around the birth of a new bank, may also decline from the stage of history and even the banks, the survival of the fittest, survival of the fittest, the development of the banking sector followed the same laws of nature change.
China's financial reform has already ushered in the twenty-seventh of the spring. A thriving and efficient banking system is to ensure sustained economic growth, as well as the key to social stability, so that people have long been the point of view. China's financial market has been gradually opening up the domestic bankers who felt the urgency of intensifying competition, identify the target location, speed up business innovation and broaden the market to become the banks to enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of the force point. Over the past two decades, China's banking market, the modernization process has made remarkable breakthroughs. During this period, first as a domestic joint-stock commercial banks, Industrial Bank from scratch, from small to large, successful implementation of a regional bank from a national bank to a comprehensive change in order to continuously enhance the innovation capabilities and comprehensive management capabilities among the 300 global banks. However, it must be admitted that to diversify the products and fine service, and business scope of these measures of modern international commercial banks, "advanced" level of the standard before, the domestic banks with foreign peers, still young. The more profitable single-business model and limited means of homogenization of the competition was very difficult to account for market advantage. The development of the banking industry can be divided into five stages: a simple currency exchange business; currency exchange operations deposited with Department business; the traditional banking business with the various forms of financial innovation, the formation of the so-called full range of banking operations; from the extension of banking business to non-banking financial business; from the extension of financial services to non-financial business economy. At present, domestic banks are from the second phase of the transition to the third stage, and the world's leading banks has changed from the fourth phase to the fifth stage. How to break through the existing system of "bottleneck" and the traditional mindset of the constraints and achieve a real sense of a qualitative leap in the domestic bankers facing before a very important and urgent need to resolve practical problems.
Throughout the development of international banking trends, with the financial market development and functions of the continuous transformation of the banking, commercial bank credit to downplay the growing role of the media, investment, trust, fund, insurance, agents, consulting a vast field of intermediary business has become commercial banks are reluctant to give up the "gold positions." Banking in the United States as an example, over the past two decades, the non-spread revenue share of total income was always rapid upward trend in the proportion in 2003 reached 43.7%. By contrast, domestic Chinese banks, although in recent years introduced more than 200 kinds of intermediary business, covering business, finance and industry, social management, and many other fields of life, but due to the lack of accurate market positioning and the rational allocation of financial resources, have a truly representative and effective products obviously rare, the resulting profit growth compared with the traditional business is still minimal. Under severe competition, who can in the middle of this vast business in the world to find a faster and more accurate positioning for their own development, to serve the needs of groups of different types of personalized financial products, and maybe have the opportunity to win . Intermediary business, also known as balance-sheet business, their income is not included in the banks balance sheet.

Settlement
Settlement of commercial banks by deposit-taking business derived from a business.
First, clearing tool
Commercial banks clearing tool is used for clearing a variety of instruments. Notes can either choose to use the current settlement tools including bank drafts, commercial bills of exchange, promissory notes and checks, such as banks.
Clearing the main paper tools:
(A) bank drafts: business units or individuals from the money deposited with the depositary bank, the bank had issued to its procurement of goods to different places or when the cash settlement for the notes.
(B) Commercial bills of exchange: from a paper issued by companies, business units for collection after the first delivery or deferred payment agreement the two sides of the commodity trading.
(C) cashier's checks: the applicant the deposit money banks, issued by banks to their virtue in order to apply for transfer or cash instruments. Can be divided into variable and fixed Promissory Notes Promissory Notes.
(D) check: by the enterprise issued by units or individuals, commissioned by the payment of its bank notes, bills of China's traditional settlement tool and can be used to transfer cash.

Second, clearing the way
1 city settlement
(1) check clearing or a large number of commercial banks in the city the most important way to check clearing settlement. Checks is the bank customers in the bank according to its overdraft limit of deposits and issue a check, order from their bank account to pay a certain amount to the payee in order to achieve the transfer of funds, end the relationship between claims and liabilities of a process.
(2) the allocation of the system of checks and bills. This is not to open the check, by direct billing and clearing the way to achieve funding.
(3) Direct credit transfers and direct debit transfers. Clearing the way both in the automatic exchange developed on the basis of. Automatic exchange of the exchange is not check the tape. Computer through the line of the tape sent to deal with different clearing banks.
(4) Clearing House Automated Transfer System. This is a progressive city with the transfer of funds of the system. To participate in such a system among banks, all lending, foreign exchange trading, the designated amount will be automatically entered into the data transfer system of terminals, so that the payee bank to receive the information immediately, at the same time debit to pay the clearing-house paragraph bank account, credit bank accounts receivables.
2 remote settlement
(1) remittances remittances clearing settlement (Remittance), commissioned by the bank where the payer the money remitted to a payee as a foreign settlement. Settlement is divided into wire transfer, mail transfer and exchange of three votes in the form of
(2) collection clearing clearing collection (Collection), is the creditor or the debtor to field sales people who receive the payment or purchase out of its bills of exchange, and asked the bank to collect funds on behalf of a settlement. Collection business collection Youguang votes and two types of documentary collection.
(3) letter of credit Letter of Credit (Letter of Credit), a conditional commitment to the bank, that is, the issuing bank in accordance with the instructions of the importers, exporters opened to authorize the issuance to the importer or its bank - payer of the bills of exchange, to ensure that conditions in terms of the payment or acceptance must document.
(4) electronic funds transfer system with the computer and other new technologies into the bank the use of large-scale electronic computer and network technology has changed the commercial bank settlement of funds in different places of the traditional approach. Settlement of funds through electronic clearing system in different places, so that greatly accelerate cash flow, lower operating expenses.