经典英语语法之主谓一致
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1 定义
1.1 在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，就叫主谓一致。
2 用法三原则
2.1 语法一致原则
2.1.1 主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：The number of books he has surprises us all. (主语为单数形式的number) / Jack and I are good friends. (主语为复数形式的Jack and I)
2.2 意义一致原则
2.2.1 主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。如：The team are all from South China. (team虽为单数形式，但意指全体队员，所以谓语用复数)
2.2.2 主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。如：Physics is his favourite subject. (physics虽为复数形式，但意指物理学科，所以谓语用单数)
2.3 就近原则
2.3.1 谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or，either…or, neither…not, not only…but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。如：Neither he nor they are able to finish the job on time. / Neither they nor he is able to finish the job on time.
3 代词作主语
3.1 名词性物主代词作主语时，既可以用作单数，也可以用作复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。如：Your trousers are black and mine are yellow. / Your pencil is long and mine is short.
3.2 such, the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。如：Such is his idea. / Such are his words.
3.3 关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He who is standing under the tree is my father. / The students who are standing under the tree are from America.
3.4 疑问代词who, what, which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。如：Which apple do you like? / Which apples do you like?
3.5 不定代词any, either, neither, none, all some, more等作主语时，谓语多用单数。有时也用复数，要看不定代词所指是否为复数。如：All has changed here. / All are present for the meeting now.
4 数词或表量的名词作主语
4.1 “分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of +名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语，例如：Lots of deputies will be invited to the conference. / Lots of milk was dumped as waste during the Depression.
4.2 a great deal of只能后接不可数名词，谓语用单数形式。如：A great deal of money has been invested in building the new road.
4.3 表示数量的one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，例如：One and a half teaspoonfuls is just enough for me. 其中，one and a half teaspoonfuls也可以表达为：one teaspoonful and a half。
4.4 a number of（许多）与the number of（...的数量）。两者都是后接可数名词的复数，但前者的谓语用复数形式，后者的谓语用单数形式。如：A number of teachers went on strike yesterday. / The number of the teachers who went on strike yesterday was amazing.
4.5 an amount of（许多）与the amount of（...的数量）。两者只能后接不可数名词，而且谓语都用单数形式。如：An amount of water is wasted every year. / The amount of water which is wasted every year is amazing.
5 名词作主语
5.1 某些集体名词作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式，如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式。如：The group is a happy one. / The group are on holiday now.
5.2 某些集体名词，如people, police, cattle等，只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。如：The cattle are what they rely on for a living.
5.3 单、复数同形的名词主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。如：A deer is wandering in the bush. / Deer are claimed to be the king's property.
5.4 名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。如：The butcher's is just around the corner.
5.5 不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：Each boy and each girl wants to go for an outing in the woods.
5.6 一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，但如果主语用“a kind of, a pair of , a series of等+名词”构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：A pair of shoes is a must for everyone.
5.7 当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。如：Five kilometers is a long way to go for school.
5.8 如果主语有more than one…或many a…构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。但是，“more +复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语动词一般多用复数形式。如：Many a book has been sold out these days. / More books than one have been sold out these days.
5.9 在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：Between the two rivers lies a small village.
5.10 用and或both…and连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。但是，并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。如：Jack and Mary are both from France. / A knife and fork is a must for a meal in America.
5.11 当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数由这些单词或短语前的名词或代词的单复数来决定。如：The teacher as well as the students is ready for the trip.
5.12 以or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等连接的名词（代词）作主语时，谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。如：Either Tim or his brothers have to water the garden. / Either his brothers or Tim has to water the garden.
6 名词化的形容词或过去分词作主语
6.1 如果主语由“the+形容词（或过去分词）”结构担任时，谓语通常用复数。如：The poor are not inferior to the rich before law.
6.2 少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别，则用单数。如：The departed was a very good neighbour.
7 从句作主语
7.1 由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式，例如：What we need is more fresh water. / What we need are more children's books.
7.2 在“one of+复数名词++who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此，从句中的动词应该是复数形式。但是当one之前有the only等修饰语时，关系代词的先行词是one，而不是靠近它的复数名词，因此从句的动词应是单数形式。如：It is one of the most boring films that have been made. / It is the only one of the films that interests me.
1.1 在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，就叫主谓一致。
2 用法三原则
2.1 语法一致原则
2.1.1 主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：The number of books he has surprises us all. (主语为单数形式的number) / Jack and I are good friends. (主语为复数形式的Jack and I)
2.2 意义一致原则
2.2.1 主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。如：The team are all from South China. (team虽为单数形式，但意指全体队员，所以谓语用复数)
2.2.2 主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。如：Physics is his favourite subject. (physics虽为复数形式，但意指物理学科，所以谓语用单数)
2.3 就近原则
2.3.1 谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or，either…or, neither…not, not only…but also等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。如：Neither he nor they are able to finish the job on time. / Neither they nor he is able to finish the job on time.
3 代词作主语
3.1 名词性物主代词作主语时，既可以用作单数，也可以用作复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。如：Your trousers are black and mine are yellow. / Your pencil is long and mine is short.
3.2 such, the same起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。如：Such is his idea. / Such are his words.
3.3 关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：He who is standing under the tree is my father. / The students who are standing under the tree are from America.
3.4 疑问代词who, what, which作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。如：Which apple do you like? / Which apples do you like?
3.5 不定代词any, either, neither, none, all some, more等作主语时，谓语多用单数。有时也用复数，要看不定代词所指是否为复数。如：All has changed here. / All are present for the meeting now.
4 数词或表量的名词作主语
4.1 “分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of +名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语，例如：Lots of deputies will be invited to the conference. / Lots of milk was dumped as waste during the Depression.
4.2 a great deal of只能后接不可数名词，谓语用单数形式。如：A great deal of money has been invested in building the new road.
4.3 表示数量的one and a half后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，例如：One and a half teaspoonfuls is just enough for me. 其中，one and a half teaspoonfuls也可以表达为：one teaspoonful and a half。
4.4 a number of（许多）与the number of（...的数量）。两者都是后接可数名词的复数，但前者的谓语用复数形式，后者的谓语用单数形式。如：A number of teachers went on strike yesterday. / The number of the teachers who went on strike yesterday was amazing.
4.5 an amount of（许多）与the amount of（...的数量）。两者只能后接不可数名词，而且谓语都用单数形式。如：An amount of water is wasted every year. / The amount of water which is wasted every year is amazing.
5 名词作主语
5.1 某些集体名词作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式，如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式。如：The group is a happy one. / The group are on holiday now.
5.2 某些集体名词，如people, police, cattle等，只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。如：The cattle are what they rely on for a living.
5.3 单、复数同形的名词主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。如：A deer is wandering in the bush. / Deer are claimed to be the king's property.
5.4 名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工厂、住宅等，作主语时，动词一般用单数。如：The butcher's is just around the corner.
5.5 不定代词each, every, no所修饰的名词即使以and或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：Each boy and each girl wants to go for an outing in the woods.
5.6 一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，但如果主语用“a kind of, a pair of , a series of等+名词”构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：A pair of shoes is a must for everyone.
5.7 当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。如：Five kilometers is a long way to go for school.
5.8 如果主语有more than one…或many a…构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。但是，“more +复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语动词一般多用复数形式。如：Many a book has been sold out these days. / More books than one have been sold out these days.
5.9 在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：Between the two rivers lies a small village.
5.10 用and或both…and连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。但是，并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时and后面的名词没有冠词。如：Jack and Mary are both from France. / A knife and fork is a must for a meal in America.
5.11 当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as, no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单、复数由这些单词或短语前的名词或代词的单复数来决定。如：The teacher as well as the students is ready for the trip.
5.12 以or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also等连接的名词（代词）作主语时，谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。如：Either Tim or his brothers have to water the garden. / Either his brothers or Tim has to water the garden.
6 名词化的形容词或过去分词作主语
6.1 如果主语由“the+形容词（或过去分词）”结构担任时，谓语通常用复数。如：The poor are not inferior to the rich before law.
6.2 少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别，则用单数。如：The departed was a very good neighbour.
7 从句作主语
7.1 由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式，例如：What we need is more fresh water. / What we need are more children's books.
7.2 在“one of+复数名词++who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此，从句中的动词应该是复数形式。但是当one之前有the only等修饰语时，关系代词的先行词是one，而不是靠近它的复数名词，因此从句的动词应是单数形式。如：It is one of the most boring films that have been made. / It is the only one of the films that interests me.
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