浅谈定语从句与名词性从句的主谓一致
浅谈定语从句与名词性从句的主谓一致
主谓一致就是指在英语句子中,主语和谓语在人称和数的方面应保持一致。很多学生对于英语的主谓一致了解不深,对定语从句和
名词性从句的主谓一致了解得更少,因此很容易犯错误。下面就对这一问题进行探讨。
一、定语从句的主谓一致
一般来讲,定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。例如:
1.I am not one who is afraid of difficulty.我是个不怕困难的人。
2.Don't choose me,who am not qualified for this job.不要选我,我不适合做这项工作。
3.Anyone who has questions to ask, please come to my office this afternoon.有问题要问的人,今天下午到我办公室来。
另外,关于定语从句的先行词,one of后常接复数名词,在非正式的英语口语中,有时甚至在一些很正规的文体中,动词的数不是
与先行词保持一致,而是与 one相一致,这是因为说话者或写作者首先想到的是one,而不是one后面真正的先行词。例如:
4.That is one of the most valuable dictionaries that has appeared in recent years.那本词典是近几年来所见到的最有价值的词典之一。
5.Buenos Aires is one of the world capitals thatis noted for its busy harbor.布宜诺斯艾利斯是一个以其海港的热闹而闻名的国家首都。
第5句中的is不能改成are。这点很好理解,因为用are就意味着世界上所有国家的首都都以海港热闹而出名,这是不符合实际的。
当one前面有the only等限定词和修饰语时,定语从句的谓语动词也要与 one保持一致而取单数形式。例如:
6.He is the only one of those workers who is able to do this job.他是那些工人中唯一能做此工作的人。
二、名词性从句的主谓一致
主语是名词性从句(常用what,whatever,when,where,why ,how,that,whether等引导放在句首)时,动词通常用单数形式。例如:
1.What I am most interested in is American movies.我最感兴趣的是美国电影。
2.Whatever he says is of no importance.无论他说什么都不重要。
3.Whoever says that is wrong.无论谁说这话都不对。
4.That he will come is certain.他肯定会来。
5.Why he is late for class is more than I can tell.为什么他上课迟到,我也说不上来。
但在下面的句子中谓语动词要用复数形式,因为主语从句中的动词是复数,所以主语从句应当作复数看待。例如:
6.Who are going to attend the meeting have been decided by the manager.哪些人去参加会议,已由经理做出了决定。
7.Whoever say that are to be punished.谁这样讲,就惩罚谁。
由此可见,名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数还是复数,不可一概而论,而要视句子的意义而定。学习时只有灵活处理,才能真正把主谓一致这个语法项目融会贯通。
限制与非限制定语从句讲解
一、在句中作用不同
限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。
非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。
二、外在表现形式不同
限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
例 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us English?
你还记得教我们英语的.那个女孩吗?
例 2. Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time.
钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。
例 3. This is the place where he used to live.
这就是他过去居住的地方。
例 4. Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.
张先生昨天来看我,他是我的一位朋友。
例 5. We walked down the village street, where they were having market day.
我们沿着村里的大街向前走去,村民们正在那里赶集。
析:在前三个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系密切,为限制性定语从句,不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系不密切,为非限制性定语从句,可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
三、先行词内容有所不同
大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语,而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。
例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.
一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。
析:由语境可知,令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导定语从句。
例 2. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.
一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语,这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。
析:由语境可知,令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。
四、关系词的使用情况有所不同
(一) that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句
所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句,大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句,但 that 不可。
例 1. 他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物,这使她非常高兴。
误: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot.
正: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.
例 2. 他没通过这次考试,令我很失望。
误: He didn't pass the exam, that disappointed me.
正: He didn't pass the exam, which disappointed me.
值得注意的是,不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句,这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时,如果先行词指人,则用 who , which 或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时,可用 when , where 引导非限制性定语从句。
例 1. We'll graduate in July, when we will be free.
我们将于七月份毕业,到那时我们就自由了。
例 2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held.
他们上周日到达南京,有个会议要在那里举行。
(二)关系代词替代情况不同
关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom ,但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。
例 1. This is the girl whom I met in the street.
这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。
析:先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,可用 who 代替 whom .
例 2. A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress.
一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友,他想给她留下深刻的印象。
析:先行词 a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,不可用 who 代替 whom .
在限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who/ whom ,但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时,不可用 that 代替 who/whom .
例:她有一个姐姐,她是教师。
误: She has a sister, that is a teacher.
正: She has a sister, who is teacher.
(三)关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去,非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。
例 1. This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.
这就是他昨天丢的那本书。
析:先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。
例 2. The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.
他昨天丢了这本书,但现在已找到了。
析:先行词 the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 不可省。
[实战演练]
1. She heard a terrible noise, _________ brought her heart into her mouth.
A. it B. which C. this D. that
2. Have you ever been to Xi'an, _________ I left ten years ago.
A. which B. whose C. that D. /
3. The weather turned out to be very good, _________ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
4. His English, ________ used to be very poor is now excellent.
A. which B. that C. it D . whom
5. Some of the roads were flooded, __________ makes o
ur journey more difficult.
A. that B. it C. which D. who
6. I'll find a nice girl, _________ I want to marry.
A. who B. whom C. that D. which
7. I'll come at ten, ________ I'll be free.
A. which B. that C. when D. what
8. She has two brothers, _________ are teachers.
A. who B. that C. whom D. /
9. Which answer is NOT true?
This is the factory ________ I visited yesterday.
A. that B. which C. / D. where
10. I still remember the days _________ I spent in Beijing.
A. when B. what C. that D. during
答案:
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C
6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. C