Question

谁能帮我翻译一下这几段英语什么意思？

This case is interesting because HACCP has had a very long trajectory,starting as a local private experiment and ending as a general legal obligation in the European Union. HACCP was invented in the 1960s by Pillsbury in order to provide 100% safe food to NASA astronauts.As early as 1972,the World Health Organization
(WHO)claimed that HACCP was the best method of ensuring food hygiene.At about the same time, the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA)recommended its application to the food canning industry.In 1985,the Codex Alimentarius (Codex),began work on guidelines for the application of HACCP.began work on guidelines for the application of HACCP.These guidelines became an international standard in 1994with the enforcement of the SPS agreement(the sanitary section of the World Trade Agreement），not long after the
European Commission integrated the standard in several Directives。The European Union Directive 2003/53/EC eventually made it legally-binding for all operators within the food chain to put in place a quality and safety assurance plan according to the HACCP method.
This paper looks into how this procedural standard has managed to travel across segments of a highly differentiated food industry,across time and countries,while retaining its character as a universal standard for food quality control.Who are the actors who effected the transformation of a private practice into a generic form and facilitated its transfer?How did various professional,international and intergovernmental bodies agree on it,and how did the concept become a standard?
This case is one in which scientific experts have exercised a particularly deep influence over the setting of a standard by highlighting the properties of what could be called a regulatory concept:a pattern of practice grounded in experiment and observation but presented under a generic or standard form.The influence of scientific experts derives from their ability to connect users and rule-makers through such concepts,which work like boundary-objects between the world of ideas and the worlds of practice.In the separation between rule-making and enforcement that characterises standard-setting(Kerwer 2005),authority accrues to experts because of their capacity to connect users and rule-makers.Their influence is also bounded by their failure in doing so,as illustrated later in this paper。
To explore these issues,this paper proceeds in three steps.Firstly,the literature on international standard-setting is discussed,with particular attention to the notion of diffusion and limitations therein.In the second part,I describe the development of
HACCP.The concluding step discusses the action of a group of scientific experts to explain their ability to channel standard-setting efforts into the development of a shared concept.I also demonstrate that their conceptual advocacy tactics have not given them influence over all sectors of the food industry or all rule-makers.

Answer 1

这起案件很有趣，因为HACCP体系已经很长的轨道，开始为当地私营实验和结束作为一般法律义务的欧洲联盟。 HACCP体系是在上世纪60年代发明的皮尔斯伯里为了提供100 ％安全的食品，以astronauts.As美国航天局早在1972年，世界卫生组织
（世卫组织）声称， HACCP体系是最好的方法，确保粮食hygiene.At大约在同一时间，美国食品和药物管理局（ FDA ）的建议适用于食品罐头industry.In 1985年，食品法典（法典） ，开始工作的指导方针，以应用HACCP.began工作的指导方针，以应用HACCP.These指南成为国际标准1994with实施卫生和植物检疫协定（卫生部分的世界贸易协定）不久后，
欧洲委员会的标准集成在几个指令。欧盟的Directive 2003/53/EC最终使它具有法律约束力的为所有营办商在食物链建立一个质量和安全保证计划按照HACCP管理的方法。
本文期待进入这一程序的标准如何设法穿越阶层的一个高度分化食品工业，跨越时间和国家，同时保留其性质是一项普遍的标准，食品质量control.Who谁是演员的转变对私人实践的一般形式，并促进其转移？怎么各专业，国际和政府间机构达成一致意见，以及如何做的概念成为一个标准？
这起案件是一个科学的专家们发挥了特别深刻的影响的情况下确定一个标准，突出的性能什么是可以被称为一个管理概念：模式的做法植根于实验和观察，但下提出一个通用或标准格式。影响的科学专家来自于他们的能力，连接用户和规则决策者通过这些概念，这就像边界物体之间的世界的思想和世界的practice.In分开规则的制定和执行的特点，标准制定（ Kerwer 2005年） ，权威专家的累积，因为他们的能力，连接用户和规则makers.Their界的影响也是他们失败的这样做，正说明这一点后来在这个文件。
探讨这些问题，本文所得的三个steps.Firstly ，文献国际标准制定的讨论，并特别注意这一概念的推广和限制therein.In的第二部分，我描述了发展
最后一步HACCP.The讨论了采取行动的一组科学专家解释其能力通道标准制订工作纳入发展的共同concept.I还表明，他们的概念宣传策略没有放弃他们的影响的所有部门食品工业或全部规则决策者。