GRE写作常用表达札记4(1)
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751. and连接两个平行句,第一句表示“让步”。例如:
He tried hard and he failed in the entrance examination to the college.
(他虽然很用功,但在大学入学考试时仍不及格)。
752. 动词+疑问词(what,where,how,when,which)+will(may)表示“让步”。例如:
Happen(come) what may, the Chinese people will not cease supporting the people of the third world
in their fight against hegemonism.
(不管发生什么事情,中国人民绝不停止对第三世界人民反对霸权主义的斗争的支持。)
753. be+主语+ever so+形容词,表示“让步”。例如:
Be a man ever so learned, he ought not to be proud.
(一个人不管多么有学问,也不应该骄傲。)
754. It was all(that)one could not to+原形动词(很难不……)。例如:
It was all I could do not to laugh at the joke.(我听了这个笑话禁不住发笑。)
755. 比较级+than to+原形动词(不至于……)。例如:
I am wiser than to believe that.(我不至于蠢到竟然相信这件事。)
756. 和too…to结构类似但意思不同的有以下几种情况:
1) He is too ready to speak.(=He is too talkative.) (他太爱讲话。)
2)“too…not to+动词不定式(……非常……必定能……)”或(……太……不会不……)。例如:He is too wise not to know it.(他很聪明,一定知道这件事情。)
3)not too …to+原形动词(这并不太……所以能……)。
这个句型也是对句型“too…to…”的否定,所以动词不定式表示肯定的意思。例如:
English is not too difficult to learn.(英语并不太难学。)
4)never too…to+原形动词(永〈决〉不……能……)。
这个句型是“not too…to…”的强调形式。例如:
It is never too late to mend.(Proverb)(亡羊补牢未为晚也。)(谚语)
One is never too old to learn.=No one is so old that he cannot learn.(活到老学到老。)
757. cannot…too…(无论怎样……也不过分) 例如:
You cannot praise the play too highly.(这出戏你无论怎样称赞,都不会过分。)
758. more than…can=cannot.
The boys in the street have become very insolent and it is more than flesh and blood can bear.(街道的男孩子变得非常无礼,到了人所不能忍受的地步。)
759. no…but…(没有……不是……)。例如:
There is no rule but has exceptions.(没有无例外的规则)。
760. never…but…; never(not) …without…(每……必……)。例如:
I never see you but I think of my brother.(我没有一次见到你不想起我的兄弟来。)
761. no one(none)but…(除……之外,谁也不……)。例如:
No one but a fool would do such a thing.(除了傻瓜外没有人愿干这样的事。)
762. cannot but…;cannot help…(不能不……,禁不住……)。例如:
I cannot but laugh to hear such a story.
I cannot help laughing to hear such a story.(听到这样的故事,我禁不住发笑。)
从例句可以看出:
a) cannot but+不带to的动词不定式b)cannot help+动名词
763. far from…(远远不,完全不)。例如:
My English is far from perfect.(我的英语很不熟练。)
764. a far(long) cry from…(完全不同于……)。例如:
The state of affairs in the countryside is a far cry from what it was last year.
(农村的形势和去年截然不同。)
765. anything but(决不)。例如:
That little bridge is anything but safe.(那座小桥决不安全。)
766. few and far between(很少)。例如:
Holidays are few and far between.(假日很少。)
767. instead of (而不是)。例如:
He has been playing all afternoon instead of getting on with his work.
(他整个下午不工作,一直在玩儿。)
768. free from(没有……;不受……影响的)。例如:
His composition is free from serious errors.(他的作文没有严重的错误。)
769. 介词above, beyond, beneath等,表示“否定”。例如:
The problem is above me.(这个问题我不能解决。)
It is incorrect to think of such things as beneath our notice.
(认为这些事情不值得注意是不正确的。)
His action, which arose from his concern for the welfare of the commune members, is above
criticism.(他的行为出于他对社员福利的关心,是无可批评的。)
770. have the+抽象名词+动词不定式,表示“如此……以致于……”的意思。例如:
He had the kindness to show me the way to the station.=He was so kind as to show me
the way to the station.(他很和善地给我指引去火车站的路。)
771. all+抽象名词,表示强调语气。
all+抽象名词=very+形容词,但语气较very更强。
例如:
Cleanliness is all importance.(清洁第一。)
“Mr. Darcy is all politeness,” said Elizabeth, smiling.
772. in the world ,on earth, under the sun等,表示强调。
这些短语用于疑问句和否定句中表示强调。用于疑问句时作“究竟”讲,用地否定句时和“全然”,“一点也……”。
Where under the sun did he go?(他到底上哪儿去了?)
Who in the world are you?(你究竟是谁?)
773. little后跟动词know, suspect, believe, realize, think, guess, imagine, understand等,表示强烈的否定。
Little did they know, when they parted that afternoon, that they were never to meet again.
(他们那天下午分手时,根本不知道他们的来就永远不再风面了。)
774. not后跟half, nearly, possibly 表示强烈的否定。例如:
My work is not half done yet.(我的工作根本还没有做。)
There are not nearly enough people here to do the job.(这儿人手根本不够干这件活。)
He cannot possibly forget it.(他无论如何也不会忘记。)
“I am sure she is not half so handsome as Jane, not half so good humored as Lydia.”
(“我肯定她一点儿也不像珍妮那样温雅,一点儿也不象莉迪亚那样性情好。” )
775. according as 根据,视……而定
You will play football or stay at home according as the weather is good or bad.
你可以踢足球,或呆在家里,视天气好坏而定。
Things are valuable according as they are valued.
事物之可贵,依照人们的珍视程度而定。
776. after (转义)既然,虽然
After what had happened, we decided to call off the scheduled meeting.
既然发生了那样的事情,我们决定取消那次预定的会议。
After we gave all the advice, he adopted a contrary course.
虽然我们多方劝告,他还是采取一条相反的道路。
777. as…so… 恰如……一样,像……那样(随着……也就……)
As you like Chinese, so I like English.正像你喜欢中文一样,我喜欢英语。
As one is to two, so is two to four.一比二等于二比四。
As you go farther north, so the winters become longer and more severe.
越往北走,冬天就变得越长,也更为寒冷。
778. assuming that 假若,设想(given that, granted that, presuming that可以与其换用)
Assuming that he is innocent, he must be set free.假使他是无罪的,就应当释放他。
779. inasmuch as 表示明显的理由或条件,是最为正式和语气的用语,表示“因为”的意思。
Inasmuch as we serve the people, we are not afraid to have our shortcomings pointed out.
因为我们是为人民服务的,所以不怕别人指出我们的缺点。
780. before (转义)宁可……而不愿……,(rather than)
He will die before he shall disgrace himself.他宁死不辱。
The soldiers would fight to death before they surrendered.士兵们宁战斗到死,也不愿投降。
781. but that
(1) 若不,要不是
引导条件状语从句,多表示对过去事情的假设和对将来事实的推测,因此主句多用虚拟语气。
But that he had a family, he would have left England long ago.
要不是有家庭的拖累,他早已离开英国了。
注意,如果主句有否定词 not, never时,but that作“一……就……”,“要不然就……”解释,不用虚拟语气。
No man is so old but that he may learn.年龄再大,还是可以学习的。
It never rains but(that) it pours.不下雨则已,一下就是倾盆大雨。
(2)不,不会
引导名词性从句,注意,当主句有否定词doubt, deny, question等词之后,but that 没有实在意义,相当于连词 that.
Who knows but that he may alter his mind?谁知道他不会改变注意呢?
I cannot but believe but that I should know you, notwithstanding all that time may have done.我相信碰到你时我还是能够认出你的,尽管岁月流逝,颜容更改。
(3)not that…but that…不是……而是……
Not that I dislike the work, but that I have no time.
我并不是不喜欢这个世界,而是我没有时间。
782. notwithstanding
(1)prep.虽然, 尽管
Notwithstanding his objections the marriage took place.尽管他有异议,婚礼还是进行了。
(2)adv.尽管, 还是
No matter how bad the weather is, the children will play football on the playground,
notwithstanding.不管天气怎么坏, 孩子们还要在运动场踢足球。
(3)conj. 虽然, 尽管
She went swimming yesterday notwithstanding (that)her mother told her not to.
虽然她妈妈告诉不要去游泳, 但她昨天还是去了。
783. consider that, seeing that, in that 由于,鉴于,考虑到
Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing a good job.
由于他还是是一个新手,所以他干得算是不错的了。
784. directly, immediately, instantly 一……就……
Directly I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息,马上感到出事地点。
785. for fear that(lest) 惟恐,以免(从句中不能用否定式,从句中谓语均用虚拟语气。)
For fear that(lest) I should mispronounce some words I read very slowly.
我怕读错词,所以读得很慢。
786. how 单纯起引导名词从句的作用,相当于 that,没有“怎样地”意思。
She reminded me how I had once said that one could be quite happy without money.(how =that)
787. if (转义)虽然,即使
If there was full of hardships, it was also full of joy and excitement.
虽然那里生活非常艰苦,但也充满了愉快和激情。
788. provided/providing (that) 倘若,如果
Provided that no objection is raised, we shall hold the meeting here.
即使没有反对意见,我们就在这里开会。
789. though/although…yet/still/nevertheless…
Although many difficulties and obstacles are still ahead, nevertheless, we are certain to make still
greater achievements. 尽管在前进的道路上还存在很多困难和障碍,但是,我们相信能够取得更加伟大的成就。
790. when (转义)虽然,由于
He walks when he might take a taxi.他虽然可以坐出租车,但是他还是步行。
How can I help them to understand when they won't listen to me?
由于他们不听我的话,我怎么能帮助他们了解呢?
791. where (转义)只要,既然
Where there is a will, there is a way.只要有志气,就有大道可走。(有志者事竟成。)
Where much is alleged, something must be true.既然人家说的很多,一定有一些是真的。
792. while 虽然
作此意思时候,引导让步状语从句,从句必须置于句首,表示与主句的明显对照。
While I appreciate the honor, I cannot accept the position.
虽然我珍视这个荣誉,可是我不能接受这个职务。
In a word, while the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.
总之,虽然前途是光明的,但是道路是曲折的。
793. albeit 尽管,虽然
albeit为书面语,一般用来连接短语,而不是从句。
Albeit fair, she was not sought after. 尽管她美,但没人追求她。
It was a small albeit important mistake. 最然这是个小错误,却很重要。
They are still waiting, albeit with growing impatience. 他们还等着,尽管越来越不耐烦。
794. 逗号(,)
1)在并列句中,连词(and, but, or, for, so, nor, yet)的前面用逗号。
应当指出,如果两个或三个并列从句都很简短,意思又紧密相连,它们之间可以不用连词而只用逗号:
A memoir is history, it is based on evidence.
2)写日期时,如次序是月-日-年,在日和年之间加逗号。如次序是日-月-年,则不加逗号:
He was born on October 15,1983.
He was born on 15 October 1983.
注意:英文中是没有顿号的,基本上可以说在中文中用顿号的地方可以用逗号取代。
795. 句号(.)
1)省略词一般加句号,如:Mr. Mrs. Ms. B.A. p.m.
注意在B.A. 等词后面那个句号不要丢掉,现在有趋势在省略词后面不加句号,尤其是在团体、通讯社和广播电台名称后面:UN NATO BBC NBC UNESCO
2)如果在一个句子后面使用省略号,后面还得加句号,即变成四个句号。
分号(;)
1)有些起连系作用的副词,如 however, therefore, hence, nevertheless, moreover, thus, otherwise, besides等等,不应该用作连词来联系并列从句,在它们之间应该用分号而不是逗号。
2)如从句内已经已有标点,即使从句中有连词仍应用分号:
Unfortunately, Tom couldn't come; and his absence made things difficult for us.
3.)如若干项内已有逗号,可用分号将各项分开:
On the committee are quite a few well-known people; for example, Professor Zhao, Dean of the Normal College; Mr. Han, editor-in-chief of the local evening paper; Miss Xu, a popular actress; and Mr. Hu, Director of the Bureau
of Culture.
796. 问号(?)
1)一个文句涉及多项时,各项之后皆可打问号:
Did she buy butter? milk? eggs? apples? books?
2)放在括号中的问号表示不能肯定它前面的那个词、数字或日期的准确性:
The author of this strange book was born in 1078(?) and died in 1135.
797. 引号(“” 或'')
1)文章、短篇故事、短诗及歌曲和书中各章节的题目,应用引号标出,应当指出,书刊名称应该用斜体字或字下线标明。
2)引号和其它符号配合使用时,美国的通用方法是:
a.句号和逗号放在引号之内;
b.冒号和分号放在引号之外;
c.破折号、问号和感叹号,如只是与引语有关,放在引号之内;如与整个句子有关,则放在引语之外。
798. 圆括号(())
1)圆括号用来标明插入性的、补充性的或注释性的词语。
2)表示细目的数字或字母一般放在圆括号中。
799. 方括号([ ])
1)标明引语中引用者加的或说明部分。
2)如圆括号中还需用括号,则用方括号代替圆括号。
800. 斜体字和字下线
在手写稿和打印稿中,字下线和印刷品中的斜体字功用相同。
1)书籍、杂志、报纸、剧本、长诗及歌剧的名称要用字下线或斜体字标明。
2)英语中外来词应用字下线或斜体字标明。
3)船只、飞机和艺术作品的民称应用字下线或斜体字标明。
4)提及某一词或字母时,应用字下线或斜体字标明。
5)字下线或斜体字有时可以表示强调:What a man does is more important than what he says.
He tried hard and he failed in the entrance examination to the college.
(他虽然很用功,但在大学入学考试时仍不及格)。
752. 动词+疑问词(what,where,how,when,which)+will(may)表示“让步”。例如:
Happen(come) what may, the Chinese people will not cease supporting the people of the third world
in their fight against hegemonism.
(不管发生什么事情,中国人民绝不停止对第三世界人民反对霸权主义的斗争的支持。)
753. be+主语+ever so+形容词,表示“让步”。例如:
Be a man ever so learned, he ought not to be proud.
(一个人不管多么有学问,也不应该骄傲。)
754. It was all(that)one could not to+原形动词(很难不……)。例如:
It was all I could do not to laugh at the joke.(我听了这个笑话禁不住发笑。)
755. 比较级+than to+原形动词(不至于……)。例如:
I am wiser than to believe that.(我不至于蠢到竟然相信这件事。)
756. 和too…to结构类似但意思不同的有以下几种情况:
1) He is too ready to speak.(=He is too talkative.) (他太爱讲话。)
2)“too…not to+动词不定式(……非常……必定能……)”或(……太……不会不……)。例如:He is too wise not to know it.(他很聪明,一定知道这件事情。)
3)not too …to+原形动词(这并不太……所以能……)。
这个句型也是对句型“too…to…”的否定,所以动词不定式表示肯定的意思。例如:
English is not too difficult to learn.(英语并不太难学。)
4)never too…to+原形动词(永〈决〉不……能……)。
这个句型是“not too…to…”的强调形式。例如:
It is never too late to mend.(Proverb)(亡羊补牢未为晚也。)(谚语)
One is never too old to learn.=No one is so old that he cannot learn.(活到老学到老。)
757. cannot…too…(无论怎样……也不过分) 例如:
You cannot praise the play too highly.(这出戏你无论怎样称赞,都不会过分。)
758. more than…can=cannot.
The boys in the street have become very insolent and it is more than flesh and blood can bear.(街道的男孩子变得非常无礼,到了人所不能忍受的地步。)
759. no…but…(没有……不是……)。例如:
There is no rule but has exceptions.(没有无例外的规则)。
760. never…but…; never(not) …without…(每……必……)。例如:
I never see you but I think of my brother.(我没有一次见到你不想起我的兄弟来。)
761. no one(none)but…(除……之外,谁也不……)。例如:
No one but a fool would do such a thing.(除了傻瓜外没有人愿干这样的事。)
762. cannot but…;cannot help…(不能不……,禁不住……)。例如:
I cannot but laugh to hear such a story.
I cannot help laughing to hear such a story.(听到这样的故事,我禁不住发笑。)
从例句可以看出:
a) cannot but+不带to的动词不定式b)cannot help+动名词
763. far from…(远远不,完全不)。例如:
My English is far from perfect.(我的英语很不熟练。)
764. a far(long) cry from…(完全不同于……)。例如:
The state of affairs in the countryside is a far cry from what it was last year.
(农村的形势和去年截然不同。)
765. anything but(决不)。例如:
That little bridge is anything but safe.(那座小桥决不安全。)
766. few and far between(很少)。例如:
Holidays are few and far between.(假日很少。)
767. instead of (而不是)。例如:
He has been playing all afternoon instead of getting on with his work.
(他整个下午不工作,一直在玩儿。)
768. free from(没有……;不受……影响的)。例如:
His composition is free from serious errors.(他的作文没有严重的错误。)
769. 介词above, beyond, beneath等,表示“否定”。例如:
The problem is above me.(这个问题我不能解决。)
It is incorrect to think of such things as beneath our notice.
(认为这些事情不值得注意是不正确的。)
His action, which arose from his concern for the welfare of the commune members, is above
criticism.(他的行为出于他对社员福利的关心,是无可批评的。)
770. have the+抽象名词+动词不定式,表示“如此……以致于……”的意思。例如:
He had the kindness to show me the way to the station.=He was so kind as to show me
the way to the station.(他很和善地给我指引去火车站的路。)
771. all+抽象名词,表示强调语气。
all+抽象名词=very+形容词,但语气较very更强。
例如:
Cleanliness is all importance.(清洁第一。)
“Mr. Darcy is all politeness,” said Elizabeth, smiling.
772. in the world ,on earth, under the sun等,表示强调。
这些短语用于疑问句和否定句中表示强调。用于疑问句时作“究竟”讲,用地否定句时和“全然”,“一点也……”。
Where under the sun did he go?(他到底上哪儿去了?)
Who in the world are you?(你究竟是谁?)
773. little后跟动词know, suspect, believe, realize, think, guess, imagine, understand等,表示强烈的否定。
Little did they know, when they parted that afternoon, that they were never to meet again.
(他们那天下午分手时,根本不知道他们的来就永远不再风面了。)
774. not后跟half, nearly, possibly 表示强烈的否定。例如:
My work is not half done yet.(我的工作根本还没有做。)
There are not nearly enough people here to do the job.(这儿人手根本不够干这件活。)
He cannot possibly forget it.(他无论如何也不会忘记。)
“I am sure she is not half so handsome as Jane, not half so good humored as Lydia.”
(“我肯定她一点儿也不像珍妮那样温雅,一点儿也不象莉迪亚那样性情好。” )
775. according as 根据,视……而定
You will play football or stay at home according as the weather is good or bad.
你可以踢足球,或呆在家里,视天气好坏而定。
Things are valuable according as they are valued.
事物之可贵,依照人们的珍视程度而定。
776. after (转义)既然,虽然
After what had happened, we decided to call off the scheduled meeting.
既然发生了那样的事情,我们决定取消那次预定的会议。
After we gave all the advice, he adopted a contrary course.
虽然我们多方劝告,他还是采取一条相反的道路。
777. as…so… 恰如……一样,像……那样(随着……也就……)
As you like Chinese, so I like English.正像你喜欢中文一样,我喜欢英语。
As one is to two, so is two to four.一比二等于二比四。
As you go farther north, so the winters become longer and more severe.
越往北走,冬天就变得越长,也更为寒冷。
778. assuming that 假若,设想(given that, granted that, presuming that可以与其换用)
Assuming that he is innocent, he must be set free.假使他是无罪的,就应当释放他。
779. inasmuch as 表示明显的理由或条件,是最为正式和语气的用语,表示“因为”的意思。
Inasmuch as we serve the people, we are not afraid to have our shortcomings pointed out.
因为我们是为人民服务的,所以不怕别人指出我们的缺点。
780. before (转义)宁可……而不愿……,(rather than)
He will die before he shall disgrace himself.他宁死不辱。
The soldiers would fight to death before they surrendered.士兵们宁战斗到死,也不愿投降。
781. but that
(1) 若不,要不是
引导条件状语从句,多表示对过去事情的假设和对将来事实的推测,因此主句多用虚拟语气。
But that he had a family, he would have left England long ago.
要不是有家庭的拖累,他早已离开英国了。
注意,如果主句有否定词 not, never时,but that作“一……就……”,“要不然就……”解释,不用虚拟语气。
No man is so old but that he may learn.年龄再大,还是可以学习的。
It never rains but(that) it pours.不下雨则已,一下就是倾盆大雨。
(2)不,不会
引导名词性从句,注意,当主句有否定词doubt, deny, question等词之后,but that 没有实在意义,相当于连词 that.
Who knows but that he may alter his mind?谁知道他不会改变注意呢?
I cannot but believe but that I should know you, notwithstanding all that time may have done.我相信碰到你时我还是能够认出你的,尽管岁月流逝,颜容更改。
(3)not that…but that…不是……而是……
Not that I dislike the work, but that I have no time.
我并不是不喜欢这个世界,而是我没有时间。
782. notwithstanding
(1)prep.虽然, 尽管
Notwithstanding his objections the marriage took place.尽管他有异议,婚礼还是进行了。
(2)adv.尽管, 还是
No matter how bad the weather is, the children will play football on the playground,
notwithstanding.不管天气怎么坏, 孩子们还要在运动场踢足球。
(3)conj. 虽然, 尽管
She went swimming yesterday notwithstanding (that)her mother told her not to.
虽然她妈妈告诉不要去游泳, 但她昨天还是去了。
783. consider that, seeing that, in that 由于,鉴于,考虑到
Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing a good job.
由于他还是是一个新手,所以他干得算是不错的了。
784. directly, immediately, instantly 一……就……
Directly I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息,马上感到出事地点。
785. for fear that(lest) 惟恐,以免(从句中不能用否定式,从句中谓语均用虚拟语气。)
For fear that(lest) I should mispronounce some words I read very slowly.
我怕读错词,所以读得很慢。
786. how 单纯起引导名词从句的作用,相当于 that,没有“怎样地”意思。
She reminded me how I had once said that one could be quite happy without money.(how =that)
787. if (转义)虽然,即使
If there was full of hardships, it was also full of joy and excitement.
虽然那里生活非常艰苦,但也充满了愉快和激情。
788. provided/providing (that) 倘若,如果
Provided that no objection is raised, we shall hold the meeting here.
即使没有反对意见,我们就在这里开会。
789. though/although…yet/still/nevertheless…
Although many difficulties and obstacles are still ahead, nevertheless, we are certain to make still
greater achievements. 尽管在前进的道路上还存在很多困难和障碍,但是,我们相信能够取得更加伟大的成就。
790. when (转义)虽然,由于
He walks when he might take a taxi.他虽然可以坐出租车,但是他还是步行。
How can I help them to understand when they won't listen to me?
由于他们不听我的话,我怎么能帮助他们了解呢?
791. where (转义)只要,既然
Where there is a will, there is a way.只要有志气,就有大道可走。(有志者事竟成。)
Where much is alleged, something must be true.既然人家说的很多,一定有一些是真的。
792. while 虽然
作此意思时候,引导让步状语从句,从句必须置于句首,表示与主句的明显对照。
While I appreciate the honor, I cannot accept the position.
虽然我珍视这个荣誉,可是我不能接受这个职务。
In a word, while the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.
总之,虽然前途是光明的,但是道路是曲折的。
793. albeit 尽管,虽然
albeit为书面语,一般用来连接短语,而不是从句。
Albeit fair, she was not sought after. 尽管她美,但没人追求她。
It was a small albeit important mistake. 最然这是个小错误,却很重要。
They are still waiting, albeit with growing impatience. 他们还等着,尽管越来越不耐烦。
794. 逗号(,)
1)在并列句中,连词(and, but, or, for, so, nor, yet)的前面用逗号。
应当指出,如果两个或三个并列从句都很简短,意思又紧密相连,它们之间可以不用连词而只用逗号:
A memoir is history, it is based on evidence.
2)写日期时,如次序是月-日-年,在日和年之间加逗号。如次序是日-月-年,则不加逗号:
He was born on October 15,1983.
He was born on 15 October 1983.
注意:英文中是没有顿号的,基本上可以说在中文中用顿号的地方可以用逗号取代。
795. 句号(.)
1)省略词一般加句号,如:Mr. Mrs. Ms. B.A. p.m.
注意在B.A. 等词后面那个句号不要丢掉,现在有趋势在省略词后面不加句号,尤其是在团体、通讯社和广播电台名称后面:UN NATO BBC NBC UNESCO
2)如果在一个句子后面使用省略号,后面还得加句号,即变成四个句号。
分号(;)
1)有些起连系作用的副词,如 however, therefore, hence, nevertheless, moreover, thus, otherwise, besides等等,不应该用作连词来联系并列从句,在它们之间应该用分号而不是逗号。
2)如从句内已经已有标点,即使从句中有连词仍应用分号:
Unfortunately, Tom couldn't come; and his absence made things difficult for us.
3.)如若干项内已有逗号,可用分号将各项分开:
On the committee are quite a few well-known people; for example, Professor Zhao, Dean of the Normal College; Mr. Han, editor-in-chief of the local evening paper; Miss Xu, a popular actress; and Mr. Hu, Director of the Bureau
of Culture.
796. 问号(?)
1)一个文句涉及多项时,各项之后皆可打问号:
Did she buy butter? milk? eggs? apples? books?
2)放在括号中的问号表示不能肯定它前面的那个词、数字或日期的准确性:
The author of this strange book was born in 1078(?) and died in 1135.
797. 引号(“” 或'')
1)文章、短篇故事、短诗及歌曲和书中各章节的题目,应用引号标出,应当指出,书刊名称应该用斜体字或字下线标明。
2)引号和其它符号配合使用时,美国的通用方法是:
a.句号和逗号放在引号之内;
b.冒号和分号放在引号之外;
c.破折号、问号和感叹号,如只是与引语有关,放在引号之内;如与整个句子有关,则放在引语之外。
798. 圆括号(())
1)圆括号用来标明插入性的、补充性的或注释性的词语。
2)表示细目的数字或字母一般放在圆括号中。
799. 方括号([ ])
1)标明引语中引用者加的或说明部分。
2)如圆括号中还需用括号,则用方括号代替圆括号。
800. 斜体字和字下线
在手写稿和打印稿中,字下线和印刷品中的斜体字功用相同。
1)书籍、杂志、报纸、剧本、长诗及歌剧的名称要用字下线或斜体字标明。
2)英语中外来词应用字下线或斜体字标明。
3)船只、飞机和艺术作品的民称应用字下线或斜体字标明。
4)提及某一词或字母时,应用字下线或斜体字标明。
5)字下线或斜体字有时可以表示强调:What a man does is more important than what he says.
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