2019-03-19《英汉互译》课程笔记—英语和汉语的差异比较
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在中国大学MOOC网上学习了上海师范大学王惠萍老师的《英汉互译》，整理的笔记。
英语和汉语的差异主要在以下 六个方面 ：
综合语与分析语的区别在于综合语将多重概念综合在单个单词里，而分析语则将不同的概念分散在不同的单词里。
英语的特点是频繁且系统地使用曲折变化（词形变化）表达语法概念，因此英语有丰富的时态、语态、数和格的变化。
中文是分析语，即通过虚词及词序，而非通过曲折变化，来传递句中词语之间的关系。
e.g. The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.该高空飞机过去是、现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。
形合指句子语法结构是由在功能上类似但不相等的成分组成，即有些句子成分比其他成分更为重要。意合多短句和简单句，多使用并列连词而非从属连词。
英语为形合语言，汉语为意合语言。前者像盘枝错节的树枝，而后者则像节节攀高的竹子。
e.g. The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days.男孩哭得很伤心。我问他怎么啦，他说他太饿了，已经两天没吃东西了。
e.g.人有脸，树有皮。The face is as important to a man as the bark to a tree.
英语 偏向于 静态 ，使用更多的名词，形容词，介词，副词等等。 汉语 偏向于 动态 ，使用更多的动词
e.g.油漆未干！ Wet paint!
e.g.一看见他，我就紧张 The very sight of him makes me nervous.
.e.g. Both the Americans and the Russians are anxious to avoid conflict in SouthAsia.美国人和俄罗斯人都迫切希望避免在南亚发生冲突。
In English, there are quite a few nouns which indicate actions, such as “glance”,“glimpse”, “look”, “mention”, etc.; and adjectives such as “able”, “afraid”,“angry”, “anxious”, “aware”, “capable”, “good”, etc.
English tends to employ non-animate subjects whereas Chinese tends to use human beings as the subject of a sentence.(英语多使用物称，汉语多使用人称充当主语）
e g. An idea suddenly struck me.我突然想到一个好主意。
e.g. A great elation overcame him.他欣喜若狂。
e.g.他进门时带进一缕雪茄烟雾。A wave of cigar smoke accompanied him in.
e.g.翠翠在风日里长养着，故把皮肤变得黑黑的，触目为青山绿水，故眸子清明如水晶。（《边城》，沈从文）Wind and sun have tanned the growing girl’s skin, her eyes resting on green hillsare as clear as crystal.Border Town, translated by Gladys Yang）
英语中多使用被动，而汉语更多使用主动。
Your suggestion has been duly noted.你的建议已经得到及时关注。
e.g. It is universally acknowledged that a single man of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.(Pride and Prejudice)凡是有钱的单身汉，总要娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。（《傲慢与偏见》）
(英语重形合以及英语各种替代词与关系词的广泛运用,导致英语较多出现 “多枝共干”式长句,复合句。而汉语正好相反，多用短句，简单句。
e.g. *As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it. (The Vicar of Wakefield)*①我们就住在路边，过路人或外乡人常到我们家,尝尝我们家酿的酸果酒。②这种酒很有名气，我敢说,尝过的人,从没有挑剔过。③我这话像历史学家的话一样靠得住。（《威克菲尔德牧师传》）
英语和汉语的差异主要在以下 六个方面 ：
综合语与分析语的区别在于综合语将多重概念综合在单个单词里，而分析语则将不同的概念分散在不同的单词里。
英语的特点是频繁且系统地使用曲折变化（词形变化）表达语法概念，因此英语有丰富的时态、语态、数和格的变化。
中文是分析语，即通过虚词及词序，而非通过曲折变化，来传递句中词语之间的关系。
e.g. The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.该高空飞机过去是、现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。
形合指句子语法结构是由在功能上类似但不相等的成分组成，即有些句子成分比其他成分更为重要。意合多短句和简单句，多使用并列连词而非从属连词。
英语为形合语言，汉语为意合语言。前者像盘枝错节的树枝，而后者则像节节攀高的竹子。
e.g. The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days.男孩哭得很伤心。我问他怎么啦，他说他太饿了，已经两天没吃东西了。
e.g.人有脸，树有皮。The face is as important to a man as the bark to a tree.
英语 偏向于 静态 ，使用更多的名词，形容词，介词，副词等等。 汉语 偏向于 动态 ，使用更多的动词
e.g.油漆未干！ Wet paint!
e.g.一看见他，我就紧张 The very sight of him makes me nervous.
.e.g. Both the Americans and the Russians are anxious to avoid conflict in SouthAsia.美国人和俄罗斯人都迫切希望避免在南亚发生冲突。
In English, there are quite a few nouns which indicate actions, such as “glance”,“glimpse”, “look”, “mention”, etc.; and adjectives such as “able”, “afraid”,“angry”, “anxious”, “aware”, “capable”, “good”, etc.
English tends to employ non-animate subjects whereas Chinese tends to use human beings as the subject of a sentence.(英语多使用物称，汉语多使用人称充当主语）
e g. An idea suddenly struck me.我突然想到一个好主意。
e.g. A great elation overcame him.他欣喜若狂。
e.g.他进门时带进一缕雪茄烟雾。A wave of cigar smoke accompanied him in.
e.g.翠翠在风日里长养着，故把皮肤变得黑黑的，触目为青山绿水，故眸子清明如水晶。（《边城》，沈从文）Wind and sun have tanned the growing girl’s skin, her eyes resting on green hillsare as clear as crystal.Border Town, translated by Gladys Yang）
英语中多使用被动，而汉语更多使用主动。
Your suggestion has been duly noted.你的建议已经得到及时关注。
e.g. It is universally acknowledged that a single man of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.(Pride and Prejudice)凡是有钱的单身汉，总要娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。（《傲慢与偏见》）
(英语重形合以及英语各种替代词与关系词的广泛运用,导致英语较多出现 “多枝共干”式长句,复合句。而汉语正好相反，多用短句，简单句。
e.g. *As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it. (The Vicar of Wakefield)*①我们就住在路边，过路人或外乡人常到我们家,尝尝我们家酿的酸果酒。②这种酒很有名气，我敢说,尝过的人,从没有挑剔过。③我这话像历史学家的话一样靠得住。（《威克菲尔德牧师传》）
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