Question

根据提示回答问题.(英语)

1.写一个过去完成时的句子.(并解释)
2.写一个一般现在时的句子.(并解释)
3.写一个n.(动词)原型、不定式
的句子.(并解释)
4.写一个被动语态的句子.(并解释)
5.写一个现在完成时的句子.(并解释)

Answer 1

1.过去完成时
（past perfect）had + 过去分词（past participle）

有时我们讨论发生在过去的一些事情。然而当我们谈论的这个事情发生在这个时间之前的时候我们就用过去完成时。（sometimes wo talk about something that happened in the past. Then if we want talk about things that happened before this time, we use the past participle.）

eg. Sarah got to the party. When she arrived at the party,Eric had already gone home.

Sarah 去了聚会，当她到达的时候，Eric已经回家了。

2. 现在完成时（present perfect）与过去完成时（past perfect）的比较

eg. Who is that man? I have never seen him before. 那个人是谁？我以前从来没见过他。

I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before.我不知道他是谁，我以前从来没见过他。

3.一般现在时。
表示经常、反复发生的动作，经常存在的状态或者习惯性动作（有时间规律发生的事件）的一种时间状态。
1.They want good jobs .
他们想要好工作
2.The coat matches the dress.
外衣和裙子很相配
3.This workdoes not satisfy me .
这项工作我不满意

4.写一个n.(动词)原型、不定式
动词不定式由to+动词原形构成.这里的to是不定式标志,没有词义.不定式具有名词,形容词或副词的某些语法功能,又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用.
常见的形式如表所示(以及物动词do为例),不及物动词没有被动语态.
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing /
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing /
1 有些动词可以用不定式作宾语,大致上有三种情况.
1) 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语,结构为动词+不定式.例如:
afford aim agree arrange ask decide bother care choose demand desire determine
hope fail help learn long mean manage offer plan pretend refuse tend expect hate intend
例如: The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车.
He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我.
2)有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语,还用不定式作补语,即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构.例如:
ask choose expect help beg intend like/love need prefer prepare want wish
例如:I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁.
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁.
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话.
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话.
3) 有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语.例如:
decide know consider forget learn remember
show, wonder find out tell inquire explain
例如:Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做.
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can\'t make up my mind which to buy.
有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种.
2 不定式作补语
1) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构.例如:
advise allow cause challenge command compel
drive 驱使 enable encourage forbid force impel
induce instruct invite like/love order permit
make let have want get warn
persuade request send tell train urge
例如:Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍.
The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火.
注意:有些动词如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补.现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动.
2) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去.例如:
consider find believe think appoint guess fancy(设想) guess judge imagine know
例如: We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的.
We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋.(to be 不能省去)
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案:C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构,也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构,排除A,B,D.consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,故选C.
3) 有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构.例如:
believe expect intend like love mean
prefer want wish understand
例如:We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里.
You wouldn't want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧.
3 不定式作主语
不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面.
例如:It\'s so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴.
It\'s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的.
It\'s very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好.
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了.
但是,用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型.另外,这样的句子,不能用动名词作表语.例如:
(对)To teach is to learn.
(错)It is to learn to teach.
(错)To teach is learning.
(错)Teaching is to learn.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案:B. 如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词.当动词与介词连用时,常位于\"形容词+动词不定式\"结构的末尾.
4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别.
1)for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:例如:
It\'s very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的.
2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right.例如:
It\'s very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了.
用for还是用of 的另一种辨别方法:
用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子.如果通顺用of,不通则用for.例如:
You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of). He is hard. (非所表达的意思,不通,因此用for.)
5 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语.例如:
My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间.
His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生.
6 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作.例如:
I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做.
There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家时)两手空空.
7 不定式作状语
1)目的状语
常用结构为to do , only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do, so as to do, so(such)… as to…(如此…以便…).例如:
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车.
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别.
2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面.
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了.
He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么.
3) 表原因
I\'m glad to see you. 见到你很高兴.
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了.
4)表示理由和条件
He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
8 用作介词的to
to 可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标示.下面的to 都用作介词:
admit to object to be accustomed to be used to stick to turn to开始
look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to
9 省去to 的动词不定式
1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外) 后.
2) 使役动词 let, have, make后,感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后.
注意:被动语态中不能省去to.例如:
I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活.
=They were made to work the whole night.
3) would rather,had better句型后
4) Why… / why no…句型后
5) help 后可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth:
6) but和except后.but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to.
比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信.
7) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:
8) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时,可以省去to be.例如:
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人.
典型例题
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案:D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式,因此选D.
2) Paul doesn\'t have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案:B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,to 不可省略.
10 动词不定式的否定式
在不定式标志to前加上not.例如:
Tell him not to shut the window.让他别关窗.
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见.
典型例题
1)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive
答案:A.warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
2) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
答案:A.not to 为not to do it 的省略形式.可以只用to这个词,而不必重复整个不定式词组.及物动词do后应有宾语,因此也B,D不对.
11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1)too…to 太…以至于….例如:
He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了,说不出话来.
---- Can I help you 需要我帮忙吗
---- Well, I\'m afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.
不用了.这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动.谢谢.
2) 如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意 为\"不太\".例如:
It\'s never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚.(谚语)
3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常… 等于very.例如:
I\'m only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴.
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家.
12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do.例如:
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作.
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿.
2)表示结果.例如:
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time 劳驾,现在几点了.
13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
\"Why not +动词原形\"表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:\"为什么不…… \" \"干吗不…… \".例如:
Why not take a holiday 干吗不去度假
14 不定式的时态和语态
1) 一般式表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后,例如
He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I\'ll see you again. 我希望再见到你.
2) 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前.例如:
I\'m sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉,给你添了那么多的麻烦.
He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒.
3) 进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生.例如:
He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西.
4) 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候.例如:
She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了.

5. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词
A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词
There are two books to be read. →
There are twenty more trees to be planted.
[编辑本段]主动语态改被动语态

把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：
1. 先找出谓语动词；
2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；
3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；
4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。
例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.
3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.
4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.
5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.
6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.
[编辑本段]使用被动语态的注意问题

1. 不及物动词无被动语态。
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。
例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can't laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
6.宾语补足语的被动语态
They call hin Bob./He is called Bob.

现在完成时（present perfect）

当我们谈论从过去到现在为止一直进行的一段时间的时候，我们使用现在完成时。（we use the present perfect when we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now. ）

eg. Have you ever eaten caviar ?

你曾经吃过鱼子酱吗？

我们在现在完成时中也使用 today， this morning，this year 等等。（we use present perfect with today， this morning，this year ）

eg. I have drunk four cups of coffee today.

今天我已经喝了4杯咖啡了。

Have you had a vacation this year？

你今年过暑假了？

当我们表示某事第一次发生的时候（It is the first time something has happened.）

eg. It is the first time he has driven a car. or : He has never driven a car before.

这是他第一次开车。

Sarach has lost her passport again. This is the second time this has happened.

sarach 丢了她的护照，这是第二次发生这种事情了。