Question

求帮忙翻译~~

For explanatory purposes, scientists want widely applicable laws, even
at the expense of their being precisely applicable in any real case. They
move the discussion away from the straightforward facts of nature, making
their theories about underlying structures of nature. Like experimental
knowledge, theory is about cleansed and purified phenomena, abstractions
away from the truth.
Similarly, models adopt simplifying assumptions that reveal key features
of their objects. Good models should be unobvious but intuitively right, at
least once one accepts their abstractions. They are created with solutions in
mind, so that the modelers can make definite statements about the situations
they describe (Breslau and Yonay 1999; Boumans 1999). At times,
these simplified and artificial models can help to make themselves true.
Game theoretic models of nuclear war shaped actual strategic thinking, when
sides assumed that others were engaging in game theory (Ghamari-Tabrizi
2005). Models of finance have shaped actual markets, when, for example,
the Black–Scholes Equation and the related Capital Assets Pricing Model
allowed for the creation of a huge derivatives market; the title of Donald
MacKenzie’s book on finance theory, An Engine, Not a Camera (2006),
provides its central thesis.

Answer 1

为了说明的目的，科学家希望广泛适用的法律，即使
在他们被精确地适用于任何实际的费用。他们
将讨论从自然的简单的事实，使
他们对自然的基本结构理论。像实验
知识，理论是关于清理与净化现象，抽象
远离真理。
同样，模型采用的简化假设，揭示关键特征
他们的对象。好的模式应该是明显而直观的权利，在
至少一次接受他们的抽象。他们是在创建解决方案
心灵，使建模人员可以明确陈述的情况
他们描述（布雷斯劳和约内1999；博曼斯1999）。有时，
这些简化和人工模型有助于使自己真实。
核战争形实际战略思维的博弈论模型，当
双方认为，其他人从事博弈论（加马里该
2005）。金融市场已经形成了实际模型，当，例如，
黑–斯科尔斯方程和相关的资本资产定价模型
允许为一个巨大的衍生品市场的创作；唐纳德的标题
麦肯齐的书对金融理论，一个引擎，而不是相机（2006），
提供其中心论点。