帮忙把这些翻译成英文
影响阅读理解的因素可分为知识性障碍和非知识性障碍。知识性障碍包括：1.词汇障碍2..语法障碍3.背景知识障碍。非知识性障碍包括：1.心理障碍2.阅读习惯.3..阅读速度4...
影响阅读理解的因素可分为知识性障碍和非知识性障碍。知识性障碍包括：1.词汇障碍2..语法障碍 3.背景知识障碍 。非知识性障碍包括：1. 心理障碍 2.阅读习惯. 3..阅读速度4.阅读技巧
（一）重视英语词汇和习惯用法的积累
美国语言学家Driller (1978)根据词汇统计特征指出：如果我们认得25个最常见的英文单词，平均每页纸上的词我们会认得33%；如果认得135个常用词，则为50%；如果认得2500个，则为78%；如果认得5 000个，则为80%；一旦记得10 000个，可达92%。可见，阅读能力的高低和词汇量的大小是分不开的，目前大部分学生的词汇量偏少, 这是影响阅读能力提高的主要因素。那么怎样才能提高学生的词汇量呢？
1． 构词记忆法
据估计，英语词汇有100万到120万，但大部分单词是由构词法构成的。构词法包括派生、合成和转化。在教学中，让学生掌握常用的前缀（un/dis/im/il /super.）、后缀( ly/ less/ ful/ ment…)的含义及用法，就可以根据已知词猜出它的派生词，从而达到扩大词汇的目的。如：前缀super 有超过，超越的含义，就可以猜出supermarket （超级市场）supernatural (超自然的)、 superman （超人）、superstar （超级明星）等词的含义。。
2． 联想记忆法
由一个词联想到和它有关或无关的词，如看到live vi 生活，联想到其他词性及用法，如，直播的、活的等词义。
3． 广泛阅读记忆法
“To read well, you need a strong vocabulary.. To build a strong vocabulary, you need to read well.” 这句名言道出了阅读和词汇量的关系。要有流利的阅读，就必须有丰富的词汇。大量的阅读可以丰富你的词汇。
（二） 牢固掌握语法知识
近年来的NMET阅读理解短文的句式结构趋向复杂，语法知识在阅读中的作用已经突显出来。如在阅读中遇到另人费解的长句、难句，就可以借助语法，对句子进行适当的分析，搞清各部分的关系，从而准确理解整句的意思。以Decision-thinking is not unlike poker-it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.(NMET 2000) 为例。该句的29个词中包含了主语从句，宾语从句、并列句和破折号连接的附加说明等多种关系。其中并列句中又有复合句，复合句中又有并列句。只有把句子的成分一一理清，才能掌握其意思。
（三）、积累一定的文化背景知识和生活知识
英语阅读能力的提高不仅需要一定的语言知识，还要有一定的文化背景知识和生活知识。例如在NMET2003的阅读理解A篇，该篇选材涉及地理，介绍了两座farthest/ most distant inhabited islands，一个为Guinness Book of Records 所认定的Tristan da Cunha;另一为复活岛（Easter Island）文章中出现了较多的专有名词，对于阅读经验不足的同学会形成干扰，而对于那些对Easter Day 等背景知识了解的同学，相对就会好些。另外在C篇中，出现了书刊号，如果熟悉这些，就会减少好多阅读困难。
（四）培养良好的阅读习惯，掌握有效的阅读技巧
要养成良好的阅读习惯，就要求平时多朗读，背诵精彩段落和文章，以培养语感。另外，有的同学在阅读时出声读、点读或回读，这些不良习惯都会影响阅读速度和对文章的理解。所以要克服这些不良习惯，作到不回读，不声读，不点读等。只有这样，阅读速度才能加快，理解的准确率才能提高。
除了良好的阅读习惯外，也要掌握正确的阅读技巧。教师要指导学生形成正确的思维方法。一般阅读时应注意以下几点： 展开
（一）重视英语词汇和习惯用法的积累
美国语言学家Driller (1978)根据词汇统计特征指出：如果我们认得25个最常见的英文单词，平均每页纸上的词我们会认得33%；如果认得135个常用词，则为50%；如果认得2500个，则为78%；如果认得5 000个，则为80%；一旦记得10 000个，可达92%。可见，阅读能力的高低和词汇量的大小是分不开的，目前大部分学生的词汇量偏少, 这是影响阅读能力提高的主要因素。那么怎样才能提高学生的词汇量呢？
1． 构词记忆法
据估计，英语词汇有100万到120万，但大部分单词是由构词法构成的。构词法包括派生、合成和转化。在教学中，让学生掌握常用的前缀（un/dis/im/il /super.）、后缀( ly/ less/ ful/ ment…)的含义及用法，就可以根据已知词猜出它的派生词，从而达到扩大词汇的目的。如：前缀super 有超过，超越的含义，就可以猜出supermarket （超级市场）supernatural (超自然的)、 superman （超人）、superstar （超级明星）等词的含义。。
2． 联想记忆法
由一个词联想到和它有关或无关的词，如看到live vi 生活，联想到其他词性及用法，如，直播的、活的等词义。
3． 广泛阅读记忆法
“To read well, you need a strong vocabulary.. To build a strong vocabulary, you need to read well.” 这句名言道出了阅读和词汇量的关系。要有流利的阅读，就必须有丰富的词汇。大量的阅读可以丰富你的词汇。
（二） 牢固掌握语法知识
近年来的NMET阅读理解短文的句式结构趋向复杂，语法知识在阅读中的作用已经突显出来。如在阅读中遇到另人费解的长句、难句，就可以借助语法，对句子进行适当的分析，搞清各部分的关系，从而准确理解整句的意思。以Decision-thinking is not unlike poker-it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think.(NMET 2000) 为例。该句的29个词中包含了主语从句，宾语从句、并列句和破折号连接的附加说明等多种关系。其中并列句中又有复合句，复合句中又有并列句。只有把句子的成分一一理清，才能掌握其意思。
（三）、积累一定的文化背景知识和生活知识
英语阅读能力的提高不仅需要一定的语言知识，还要有一定的文化背景知识和生活知识。例如在NMET2003的阅读理解A篇，该篇选材涉及地理，介绍了两座farthest/ most distant inhabited islands，一个为Guinness Book of Records 所认定的Tristan da Cunha;另一为复活岛（Easter Island）文章中出现了较多的专有名词，对于阅读经验不足的同学会形成干扰，而对于那些对Easter Day 等背景知识了解的同学，相对就会好些。另外在C篇中，出现了书刊号，如果熟悉这些，就会减少好多阅读困难。
（四）培养良好的阅读习惯，掌握有效的阅读技巧
要养成良好的阅读习惯，就要求平时多朗读，背诵精彩段落和文章，以培养语感。另外，有的同学在阅读时出声读、点读或回读，这些不良习惯都会影响阅读速度和对文章的理解。所以要克服这些不良习惯，作到不回读，不声读，不点读等。只有这样，阅读速度才能加快，理解的准确率才能提高。
除了良好的阅读习惯外，也要掌握正确的阅读技巧。教师要指导学生形成正确的思维方法。一般阅读时应注意以下几点： 展开
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能力有限，如下：
Factors that affect reading comprehension can be divided into non-knowledge barriers and barriers to knowledge. Knowledge barriers include: 1. Grammar Vocabulary obstacle obstacle 3 2 ... Background knowledge barriers. Non-informative obstacles include: 1. Psychological barriers 2. Reading habits. 3 .. reading speed 4. Reading Skills
(A) the importance of English vocabulary and idioms of accumulation
American linguist Driller (1978) pointed out that according to statistical characteristics of words: If we know the 25 most common English words, average words per page of paper we will know 33%; If you know of 135 commonly used words, compared to 50%; If you know 2500, compared to 78%; If you know 5 000, compared with 80%; Once the recall of 10 000, up to 92%. Shows the level of reading ability and vocabulary size is inseparable from the current vocabulary of most students less than normal, which is of the main factors to improve reading ability. So how to improve their vocabulary it?
1. Formation MEMORY
It is estimated that English words have 1 to 1.2 million, but most words are formed by the word formation. Word formation, including derivatives, synthesis, and transformation. In teaching, to equip students with common prefixes (un / dis / im / il / super.), Suffix (ly / less / ful / ment ...) the meaning and usage, the word can guess it is the basis of known derived words, so as to achieve the purpose of expanding vocabulary. Such as: prefix super, over, beyond meaning, can guess the supermarket (supermarkets) supernatural (supernatural), superman (superman), superstar (superstar) the meaning of the words. .
2. Associative Memory
Think of the word and its related or unrelated words, such as seeing live vi life, think of the other part of speech and usage, such as, live, live the other meaning.
3. Extensive reading MEMORY
"To read well, you need a strong vocabulary .. To build a strong vocabulary, you need to read well." Famous words points to the relationship between reading and vocabulary. Be fluent in reading, there must be a rich vocabulary. A lot of reading can enrich your vocabulary.
(B) a firm grasp of grammar
NMET reading comprehension passage in recent years, the trend of complex sentence structure, grammar, the role of knowledge in reading has been highlighted. Such as encountered in reading other people understand the long Sentences to connect with grammar, proper analysis of sentences, to find out the relationship between the various parts, so an accurate understanding of sentence meaning. To Decision-thinking is not unlike poker-it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. (NMET 2000) as an example. The sentence contains 29 words subject speeds up, new man, and dash and other connections between the annotations. One new man in another compound sentence, compound sentence complex sentence there. One by one only to clarify the composition of the sentence in order to grasp its meaning.
(C), the accumulation of a certain cultural background knowledge and life knowledge
English reading ability requires not only some knowledge of the language, but also have some background knowledge and life knowledge. For example, in reading comprehension A NMET2003 articles, the selection of articles related to geography, introduced the two farthest / most distant inhabited islands, one for the Guinness Book of Records identified by the Tristan da Cunha; the other for the Easter Island (Easter Island) article appeared in more technical terms, lack of experience for the students to read will interfere, but for those of Easter Day and other students background knowledge about the relative would be better. Also in the C chapter, there have been books and number, if familiar, will reduce a lot of reading difficulties.
(D) to develop good reading habits, master effective reading skills
To develop good reading habits, usually requires more than reading, reciting passages and wonderful articles to foster sense of language. In addition, some students read aloud while reading, or re-read point of time, these bad habits will affect the reading speed and understanding of the article. So to overcome these bad habits, done not go back to reading, reading is not sound, no point of time and so on. Only in this way, reading speed can be accelerated in order to improve the accuracy of understanding.
In addition to good reading habits, we have to master the correct reading skills. Teachers should guide students to form correct way of thinking. General reader should note the following:
Factors that affect reading comprehension can be divided into non-knowledge barriers and barriers to knowledge. Knowledge barriers include: 1. Grammar Vocabulary obstacle obstacle 3 2 ... Background knowledge barriers. Non-informative obstacles include: 1. Psychological barriers 2. Reading habits. 3 .. reading speed 4. Reading Skills
(A) the importance of English vocabulary and idioms of accumulation
American linguist Driller (1978) pointed out that according to statistical characteristics of words: If we know the 25 most common English words, average words per page of paper we will know 33%; If you know of 135 commonly used words, compared to 50%; If you know 2500, compared to 78%; If you know 5 000, compared with 80%; Once the recall of 10 000, up to 92%. Shows the level of reading ability and vocabulary size is inseparable from the current vocabulary of most students less than normal, which is of the main factors to improve reading ability. So how to improve their vocabulary it?
1. Formation MEMORY
It is estimated that English words have 1 to 1.2 million, but most words are formed by the word formation. Word formation, including derivatives, synthesis, and transformation. In teaching, to equip students with common prefixes (un / dis / im / il / super.), Suffix (ly / less / ful / ment ...) the meaning and usage, the word can guess it is the basis of known derived words, so as to achieve the purpose of expanding vocabulary. Such as: prefix super, over, beyond meaning, can guess the supermarket (supermarkets) supernatural (supernatural), superman (superman), superstar (superstar) the meaning of the words. .
2. Associative Memory
Think of the word and its related or unrelated words, such as seeing live vi life, think of the other part of speech and usage, such as, live, live the other meaning.
3. Extensive reading MEMORY
"To read well, you need a strong vocabulary .. To build a strong vocabulary, you need to read well." Famous words points to the relationship between reading and vocabulary. Be fluent in reading, there must be a rich vocabulary. A lot of reading can enrich your vocabulary.
(B) a firm grasp of grammar
NMET reading comprehension passage in recent years, the trend of complex sentence structure, grammar, the role of knowledge in reading has been highlighted. Such as encountered in reading other people understand the long Sentences to connect with grammar, proper analysis of sentences, to find out the relationship between the various parts, so an accurate understanding of sentence meaning. To Decision-thinking is not unlike poker-it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. (NMET 2000) as an example. The sentence contains 29 words subject speeds up, new man, and dash and other connections between the annotations. One new man in another compound sentence, compound sentence complex sentence there. One by one only to clarify the composition of the sentence in order to grasp its meaning.
(C), the accumulation of a certain cultural background knowledge and life knowledge
English reading ability requires not only some knowledge of the language, but also have some background knowledge and life knowledge. For example, in reading comprehension A NMET2003 articles, the selection of articles related to geography, introduced the two farthest / most distant inhabited islands, one for the Guinness Book of Records identified by the Tristan da Cunha; the other for the Easter Island (Easter Island) article appeared in more technical terms, lack of experience for the students to read will interfere, but for those of Easter Day and other students background knowledge about the relative would be better. Also in the C chapter, there have been books and number, if familiar, will reduce a lot of reading difficulties.
(D) to develop good reading habits, master effective reading skills
To develop good reading habits, usually requires more than reading, reciting passages and wonderful articles to foster sense of language. In addition, some students read aloud while reading, or re-read point of time, these bad habits will affect the reading speed and understanding of the article. So to overcome these bad habits, done not go back to reading, reading is not sound, no point of time and so on. Only in this way, reading speed can be accelerated in order to improve the accuracy of understanding.
In addition to good reading habits, we have to master the correct reading skills. Teachers should guide students to form correct way of thinking. General reader should note the following:
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