Question

高分求翻译，越快加分越多哦，当然要正确才行

Nerve Injury
Neural injury has a variety of causes. Laceration, transection, or avulsion of a nerve root nearly always results in significant postoperative sensory or motor loss. Nerve root contusion frequently occurs with too vigorous blind manipulation of a root in the foramen. It is important to be constantly aware of the ever-changing posterior-to-anterior direction of the roots as they proceed in a medial-to-lateral direction (Fig. 16.4). In addition, the frequent multiplicity of cervical roots ' dural sheaths endangers them to inadvertent injury. Nerve injury can also occur from slipped drills, curettes, chisels, or rongeurs.

Compression or laceration of the sympathetic plexus or superior cervical ganglion will result in a Horner's syndrome. Remember the superficial position of the plexus on the surface of the longus collie muscle (see Fig. 16.3A). Fortunately, this nerve injury almost always recovers spontaneously and completely in a few weeks to months.

Traction or compression injuries to the branchial plexus with resultant monoparesis or sensory abnormalities (including causalgia) can also occur, generally from an incorrect exposure lateral to the carotid sheath.

Stretch or transection of the superior laryngeal nerve will result in thyrocricoid muscle paralysis and laryngeal sensory loss with permanent fatiguing of the voice and/or an abnormal sensation in the larynx.

Stretch or transection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, on the other hand, particularly a nonrecurrent inferior laryngeal nerve, will result in permanent postoperative hoarseness (reported risk, 0.8%). The possibility of such an aberrant recurrent laryngeal nerve should be always foremost in the surgeon's mind. After laryngeal sensory/motor loss or vocal cord paralysis postoperatively, functional return should be anticipated over 3 to 5 weeks,although nerve regeneration may take 4 to 6 months. If necessary, 80% of patients with severe hoarseness are improved by the injection of the vocal cord with Teflon.FIG. 16.4. Adequate visualization of the nerve root in the foramen with superior retraction and further foraminal decompression.
Stretch or transection of cranial nerves 9, 10, 11, or 12 can also result in significant postoperative deficits, especially involving phonation and swallowing. These generally occur from exposure high in the cervical spine, above the angle of the mandible.
不用那么多了，只要翻译这三句：
1.Traction or compression injuries to the branchial plexus with resultant monoparesis or sensory abnormalities (including causalgia) can also occur, generally from an incorrect exposure lateral to the carotid sheath.
2.Stretch or transection of the superior laryngeal nerve will result in thyrocricoid muscle paralysis and laryngea: sensory loss with permanent fatigui ng ofthe voice and/or an abnormal sensation in the larynx.
3. These generally occur from exposure high in the cervical spine, above
the angle of the mandible.

Answer 1

神经损伤有多种原因。裂伤，横断，或在术后有明显的感觉或运动亏损神经根撕脱几乎总是结果。神经根挫伤积极过多，经常会发生中的一个孔根盲操作。重要的是要不断的不断变化后到前的根方向着手，因为他们知道在内侧到外侧方向（图16.4）。此外，对'根硬膜鞘颈椎危及他们频繁的多种多样不慎受伤。神经损伤也有发生下滑钻，刮，凿，或rongeurs。裂伤压缩或神经节的交感神经丛或颈上将导致霍纳综合征。还记得我们的牧羊犬长肌的神经肌肉表面肤浅的位置（见图。16.3A）。幸运的是，该神经损伤几乎总是自发完全恢复几个星期到几个月。牵引或压缩异常（包括灼痛）受伤或感觉神经丛鳃和由此产生的monoparesis鞘也可发生，一般从一个不正确的曝光颈外侧。伸展或神经切断喉上会导致肌肉麻痹和thyrocricoid在喉喉感觉丧失永久性疲劳的声音和感觉异常/或。其他经常性喉神经，伸展或在手上横断，尤其是非复发喉下神经，手术后会导致永久性声嘶（报告风险，0.8％）。这种异常的可能性喉返神经应始终首要在外科医生的想法。喉后感觉/电机损失或声带麻痹，术后功能表应当超过3〜5周预期，尽管神经再生可能需要4到6个月。如有必要，80％的患者患有严重声嘶是改善了与Teflon.FIG声带注射。 16.4。充足的可视化的神经根减压孔回缩和优越的进一步椎间孔。伸展或12横断脑神经9，10，11，或者也可以导致术后有明显的缺陷，特别是涉及发声和吞咽。这一般发生在接触颈椎高高在上的下颌角。

Answer 2

神经损伤
神经损伤有多种原因。裂伤，横断，或在术后有明显的感觉或运动亏损神经根撕脱几乎总是结果。神经根挫伤积极过多，经常会发生中的一个孔根盲操作。
重要的是要不断的不断变化后到前的根方向着手，因为他们知道在内侧到外侧方向（图16.4）。此外，对'根硬膜鞘颈椎危及他们频繁的多种多样不慎受伤。神经损伤也有发生下滑钻，刮，凿，或rongeurs。
压缩或交感神经丛或颈上神经节裂伤会导致霍纳综合征。还记得我们的牧羊犬长肌的神经肌肉表面肤浅的位置（见图。16.3A）。幸运的是，这个恢复神经损伤几乎总是在几个星期后完全自发个月。
牵引或压缩与结果monoparesis或受伤（包括灼痛），感觉异常的臂丛也可能发生，一般从一个不正确的曝光外侧颈动脉鞘。
伸展或喉上神经损伤会导致肌肉麻痹和喉thyrocricoid永久性疲劳的语音和/或在喉部感觉异常感觉丧失。
伸展或横断喉返神经另一方面，尤其是劣质非复发喉返神经，将导致永久性的术后声音嘶哑（报告风险，0.8％）。这种异常的可能性喉返神经应始终首要在外科医生的想法。
喉后感觉/电机损失或声带麻痹，术后功能表应当超过预计3至5周，虽然神经再生可能需要4到6个月。如有必要，80％的患者患有严重
声嘶是改善了与Teflon.FIG声带注射。 16.4。充足的可视化中的优越回缩，进一步椎间孔神经根减压孔。
伸展或颅神经9，10横断，11，或12也可导致术后有明显的缺陷，特别是涉及发声和吞咽。这一般发生在接触颈椎高高在上的下颌角

我很快 ！

Answer 3

1.牵引或者挤压对臀部神经造成伤害还可能发生单肢轻瘫或者感觉异常（包括灼性神经痛），通常是由于不当的曝光外侧颈动脉鞘造成的。
2. 喉上神经拉伸或者横断会导致环甲膜肌肉麻痹和喉结:感觉缺失伴随永久性发声疲劳并有（或有）喉感觉异常。
3.这些通常是由颈椎高处暴露，高于下颌角造成的.

Answer 4

本来是想帮你的，可是字太多，做阅读不需要翻译的很清楚，理解就行！百度没几个会帮你的，去小木虫论坛，那里高手太多，都是海龟！