英语中的独立主格结构,要详细说明解释,有条理,要求没要点都举一例句,例句附带翻译
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(一)独立主格结构( 也称为独立结构 )的定义 “独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。在形式上与主句没有关系,通常称为“独立主格结构”。 如何理解这句话?一个是“主格”怎么理解?一个是“独立”怎么理解? 所谓“主格”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,“主格”就由此而来,逻辑主语不同于主句的主语。有了逻辑主语,就会有逻辑谓语,它的逻辑谓语就是由“分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语(作为逻辑谓语)构成”。这就意味着:独立结构的类型包括不定式独立结构、分词独立结构、无动词独立结构、介词独立结构等。 所谓独立,就是在形式上与主句没有关系,才称之“独立”。跟主句没有任何句法联系;但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起,共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。实质上并非真正的独立,仍然属于主句的从属短语的一种结构,在句中有多种作用。如:表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等,在句中通常起状语作用,多用于书面语描述性文字,不常用于口语。在口语和非正式文体中,一般用从句或两个句子来代替。 “独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。下面两点很重要。 1.非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语,从而依附于主句。 2.有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语,在结构上与主句不发生关系,也可成为独立主格结构。 英语的独立结构的出现,使英语语言走出了一条经济之路,可以用更少的字词表达同样丰富的内容,使英语表达更趋于简洁。表面上看,独立结构是个破碎的英语,而透过它的内涵,描述又是那么简明生动,是指导今后阅读写作的一种有效工具。写作中学会用独立结构,可帮助我们把英语表达提升到一个更高的层面。 为了加深对独立结构的了解和认识,像学其他语法知识一样,离不开其结构功能的例句。 (二)独立主格的功能例句 下面打线的部分就是独立结构,它们不是句子,它们没有自己的主语和谓语,只有逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。他们各自依附于主句,但不充当主句的任何成分,是独立而存的。 试分析下列例句中独立结构的逻辑主语和逻辑谓语,并指出逻辑谓语的词性或不同的短语(不定式短语、分词短语还是介词短语?) 1) 表示时间 The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后,我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。 2) 表示条件 The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利,他或许能成功。 3) 表示原因 There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车,我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。 4) 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体,而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.) (三)独立主格结构的构成 要了解和把握独立主格结构的构成,首先要认识独立结构的特点: 1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。 2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。 3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 4)独立结构的位置比较灵活,可置于句首、句中或句尾。 构成形式有: 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词 名词(代词)+形容词 名词(代词)+副词 名词(代词)+名词 名词(代词)+不定式 名词(代词) +介词短语 记住独立主格结构包括两部分,第一部分都是一样的:名词或代词;第二部分,分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语。名词(代词)+形容词,名词(代词)+副词,名词(代词)+名词和名词(代词) +介词短语也称为无动词的独立结构。 分别举例如下: 如同前面的思维方法,下面打线的部分就是独立结构,它们不是句子,它们没有自己的主语和谓语,只有逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。他们各自依附于主句,但不充当主句的任何成分,是独立而存的。 试分析下列例句中独立结构的逻辑主语和逻辑谓语,并指出逻辑谓语的词性或不同的短语(不定式短语、分词短语还是介词短语?)有的词汇是多词性,看起来是动词,但此时此地是形容词,如3)中例2,open不是动词,是形容词。 1 )名词 / 代词 + 现在分词 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了,天气越来越冷了。 The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停了,他出去散步。 The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 问题解决之后,我们结束了会议。 2 ) 名词 / 代词 + 过去分词 “Marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised. 3) 名词 / 代词 + 形容词 The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them. It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open. 4 ) 名词 / 代词 + 副词 Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away. Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking. 5 ) 名词 / 代词(主格) + 不定式 We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我们十点四十五分集合,队伍十一点准时出发。 Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这是前两卷,第三卷将于下月问世。 We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我们进行了分工,他擦窗户,我扫地。 The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend’s. 两个男孩彼此道了别,一个回了家,另一个去了他朋友家。 6 ) 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语(注意与名词短语、动词短语的区别) I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand. The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。 (gun in hand 也可看成无动词的独立结构) He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand. 7 ) 名词 / 代词 + 名词 He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着,唯一的武器是一根棍棒。 8 )无动词独立结构的形式为 “ 逻辑主语 + 名词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语 ” ,常用作状语,表示方式或伴随等。 例如: a. The children, many of them infants, were left with nothing to eat. b. She sat down on the ground, her face pale with great pain. c. The class over, the students made for the dining hall. d. The teacher entered the classroom, a book in hand. 9 )介词独立结构的形式为 “with/without + 逻辑主语 + 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语 / 不定式 / 现在分词 / 过去分词 ” ,常作状语,表示方式、伴随、原因等。 例如“ a. He left in a hurry, with the door open. b. The boy entered the room, without shoes and socks on. c. With all the work on hand, he shouldn’t have gone to the cinema last night.d. With a lot of homework to do, I couldn’t go to bed. e. Without anyone noticing, Tom slipped out of the classroom. f. Without a word more spoken, she left. 四、独立分词结构作状语与分词短语作状语及状语从句的比较 1 .独立分词结构作状语与分词短语作状语的区别 独立分词结构作为句子中的一个语言单位,其逻辑主语而与句子的主语并不一致。如: The day being fine, we decided to go swimming. They’ll send you the book for $10, postage included. We explored the caves, Peter acting as the guide. 但分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。也就是说,分词短语的逻辑主语就是主句谓语动词的主语。如: Given more practice, the students could have made still greater progress. Driving along an almost deserted country road, they run out of gas. 2. 独立分词结构作状语和状语从句的区别 1) 前者是一个短语,有逻辑主语但没有句子结构,后者是一个从句,有主谓结构; 2) 前者的逻辑主语与主句不同,后者的主语与主句的主语不一定相异; 3) 前者不需用从属连词,后者必须用从属连词。试比较: It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. As it was a holiday, all the shops were shut. 五、 不定式独立结构和分词独立结构功能的区别 (什么时候用动词不定式独立结构?什么时候用分词结构?) 1. 不定式独立结构的形式为 “逻辑主语 + 不定式”,常作状语,表示说明或伴随,偶尔也作主语。例如: a. We divided the work, she to clean the window and I to sweep the floor. b. I to bear this is some burden. 我担负此物颇不轻松。 2. 分词独立结构的形式为 “逻辑主语 + 现在分词/过去分词”,常用作状语,用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等;有时可作同位语,起补充说明的作用。例如: a. The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again. (时间) b. This down, he left the home. (时间) c. Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed. (原因) d. All his savings gone, he started looking for a job. (原因) e. Weather permitting, we’ll have a football match tomorrow. (条件) f. Everything taken into account, his plan seems to be more workable. (条件) g. He guiding her, they crossed the street. (方式) h. He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. (方式) i. He climbed slowly up the mountain, his courage slipping away at every step. (伴随) j. He returned, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into piece. (伴随) k. Three were 50 entrances for the competition, the youngest being a girl of 14. (同位语) 六、如果一句中含有几个 “ 独立结构 ” ,通常是把表示概括意义(粗像意义的内容)的结构置于最后。 例如: The professor was slammed against the wall, his body frisked, his wrists handcuffed, his dignity lost. 教授被猛推倒墙上,被搜了身,手被拷着,尊严尽失。 七、使用独立主格四点注意 1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后,学生很快离开了课室。 2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略。 (1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。 (2)在There being+名词的结构中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。 3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. 4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了,我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。) 望采纳.
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