Question

谁能给我给我两篇土木工程英语文献要有翻译的！要求1000字

Answer 1

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings. Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it was defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering, surveying, and construction engineering. Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to federal levels, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.

History of civil engineering
Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles, and its history is intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history. Because civil engineering is a wide ranging profession, including several separate specialized sub-disciplines, its history is linked to knowledge of structures, materials science, geography, geology, soils, hydrology, environment, mechanics and other fields.
Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.
One of the earliest examples of a scientific approach to physical and mathematical problems applicable to civil engineering is the work of Archimedes in the 3rd century BC, including Archimedes Principle, which underpins our understanding of buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes' screw. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, for excavation (volume) computations.
土木工程是一门学科，专业工程的设计，施工和维护自然的物理和环境建设，包括桥梁，道路，河渠，堤坝和建筑物的工程协议。土木工程是最古老的军事工程后，工程学科，它被定义为区分军事工程非军事工程。这是传统分解成若干子学科包括环境工程，岩土工程，结构工程，交通工程，市政工程或城市，水资源工程，材料工程，海岸工程，测量，施工工程。土木工程需要在所有层次上进行：在从市政公用部门通过联邦的水平，并在私营部门，个别业主通过向国际公司

土木工程的历史

土木工程是物理和科学原理的应用，它的历史是错综复杂的联系在物理学和数学的了解整个历史的进步。由于土木工程是一个广泛的行业，包括一些独立的专门的子学科，它的历史是联系在一起的结构，材料科学，地理，地质，土壤，水文，环境，机械和其他领域的知识。
在整个历史上最古老的和中世纪的建筑设计和施工进行了如石匠和木匠手艺，上升到建筑师的角色。知识是保留在很少的行会和进步所取代。构筑物，道路和基础设施存在的重复，并在规模上升的增量。
对科学方法的物理和数学问题适用于土木工程最早的例子之一是阿基米德在公元前3世纪，包括阿基米德的原则，巩固我们的浮力的认识，如阿基米德螺旋切实可行的解决办法的工作。婆罗门，印度数学家，用在公元7世纪算法的基础上，印度教，阿拉伯数字，挖掘（卷）计算。