Question

跪求翻译…………急！！！请专业人士将以下内容翻译成英文。谢谢！

2.1 普遍性
禁忌是人类社会普遍存在的一种复杂的文化现象，她是指社会力图避讳的的某些行为，事物或关系，引申至表达这些内容的语言，这也就是人们日常说的语言禁忌现象。语言 禁忌现象存在于世界各个民族之中，它渗透于个民族文化的生活，语言，宗教各个领域。在世界的各种语言中，无论是大语种还是小语种，都少不了语言禁忌的存在。就中英两种语言为例：在中英两种语言中。存在着大量的语言禁忌，这些禁忌关系到社会生活的各个方面。例如，在中英两国文化中，人们对死亡的共识是不幸和灾祸，人们喜欢谈论生的话题，而回避死的话题。认为谈到死是不吉利的，于是在实际的交流中，人们劲量避免直接提到死这个工人的不吉利的字眼。再如，在许多不同的文化语言中，人们都同样的忌讳那些粗俗下流的诅咒，骂人的话。英汉两种语言在这方面也不例外。可以说，诅咒和骂人的话语是普遍存在于各种语言文化中的语言禁忌现象之一，在交流中，人们尽量避免使用这些不雅的难听的话语。如英语中的son of birch 就很少在正式的场合出现。在汉语中，虽然也有一些诅咒和骂人的话，诸如：“他妈的 ”等。但人们也在尽量避免使用。当然诅咒，骂人的话语通常是受到年龄性别和职业等的限制。一般来说，小孩骂人会受到大人和老师的指责，女性骂人则会被人问是粗俗失礼没有教养，等等，因此在跨文化的交流中，交际双方赢充分的意识到语言禁忌的普遍性，从而减少因使用不当而引起不必要的麻烦。
2.2 特殊性。
语言禁忌的特殊性也就是指他的个性或名族性。不同名族在其发展的过程中形成了本名族所特有的语言和文化，一个名族的文化可以在其民族的语言中反映出来，禁忌语也不例外，不同民族的禁忌语背后都有着不同的文化背景。正是由于语言禁忌的特殊性，不同民族的人们在进行跨文化交际时可以能会对同一事物或现象产生不同的甚至截然相反的看法。因此在进行跨文化交际时，人们必须充分意识到语言禁忌的特殊性，避免引起交际中不必要的尴尬。例如，中国人对年龄直言不讳，有时为了表示敬意还特意加上“老”字，如“老师傅、老王、老张”等，蛋这样表到方式在西方国家却是人们所无法接受的，在他们看来“old”是“衰老，不中用”的代名词，同时，西方国家的女性对自己的年龄更是讳莫如深。西方人很注重个人隐私，对他们来说，年龄、金钱、婚姻状况、政治见解、宗教信仰等都属于个人隐私，别人无权过问，询问个人隐私会被认为是没有礼貌和教养的行为，然而此类禁忌在中国却并不存在，中国人崇尚相互信任、相互关心，认为朋友的事就是自己的事，等等。即使是在数字方面，英汉两个民族也各有不同的看法。例如数字“六”在中国人眼里是顺利的象征，如“六六大顺”等，而“six”在英语中却不太受欢迎，如at sixes and sevens（乱七八糟，凌乱），it’s six of one and half a dozen of the other(半斤八两，五十步笑百步)；中国人认为数字“十三”是个吉祥的数字，而“十三”在西方却被认为是极不吉利的数字，人们认为这个数字会给大家带来厄运。因此，了解语言禁忌的特殊性能够让我们更深入地熟悉不同民族的文化和传统，这对于进行跨文化交际时十分重要和必要的
麻烦不要用软件直接翻译了 ，我要专业人士的最佳翻译。谢谢

Answer 1

2.1 universality
Taboo is human society universal existence of a kind of complex cultural phenomenon, she means that the social tries to certain behaioral ineffable, things or relationship, extended to express these content of language, this also is the People's Daily said language taboos phenomenon. Language taboos phenomenon exists in every nation in, it permeates a national cultural life, language, religion fields. All kinds of languages in the world, no matter how big or small language, languages are not the language taboos existence. Medium languages, for example: in both in Chinese and English language. There is a lot of language taboos, these taboo in relation to social all aspects of life. For example, in the UK culture, people of death is unfortunate and evil consensus, people like to talk about the topic, shunning the birth death topic. Think about death is unlucky and so on practical communication, people energizer avoid direct reference to death this worker not lucky words. Be like again, in many different culture in language, people all the same taboo off-color obscene curse, swearing words. English languages in this respect is no exception. Can say, curses and swearing words is commonly found in various language culture in one language taboos phenomenon, in communication, people try to avoid using these parting bad words. As companies in English of birch it rarely in formal situations appear. In Chinese language, though there are also some curse and swearing words, such as: "fuck" etc. But people also avoid using. Of course, no chiders curse words is usually by age sex and occupation restrictions. Generally speaking, kid call names will be affected by adults and teacher accused, women call names are asking is vulgar discourteous without breeding, etc, so in cross-cultural communication, communication both win fully conscious of the language taboos, thus reducing the universality of the improper use of and cause unnecessary trouble.
2.2 particularity.
Language taboos particularity also means his personality or nations sex. Different nations in its developing process of specific clan formed peculiar language and culture, a nation's culture in the national language can be reflected in, taboo language is not exceptional also, different nationalities taboo words behind all have different culture background. Because of the particularity of language taboos, people of different nationalities in the cross-cultural communication can can be on the same thing or phenomenon produces different even contrary opinion. So in intercultural communication, people must be fully aware that the particularity of language taboos, avoid causing unnecessary embarrassment in communication. For example, the Chinese to age outspoken, sometimes to honor also designedly "old" words, such as "an old teacher to, Lao wang, Mr. Zhang" etc, the eggs this form to the way people in western countries is unacceptable, in their view "it" is "senescence, useless" pronoun, meanwhile, the western countries women about their age is to keep secret. Westerners pay attention to personal privacy, for their part, age, money, marital status, and political views, religious belief and other all belong to personal privacy, others has no right to intervene, asking personal privacy could be considered rude and nurturing behaviour, however this kind of taboo in China but does not exist, the Chinese people advocate mutual trust and mutual concern, consider friends thing is to their own things, etc. Even in digital, english-chinese two nationalities also each have different opinions. For example digital "six" in Chinese eyes is the symbol of smoothly, such as "66 dashun" etc, and "six" in English isn't very popular at sixes and sevens, such as (a hideous mess, messy), it 's six of a-one and you a dozen of the of (off, the pot calling the kettle black); Chinese believe that digital "13" is a lucky number, and "13" in the west was considered very lucky number, people think this number will bring you luck. Therefore, understanding the particularity of language taboos can make us more thoroughly familiar with different cultures and traditions, this regarding the intercultural communication is very important and necessary

你可以下有道词典！

Answer 2

2.1 Catholicity
The The The the The taboo the is a the complicated cultural the phenomenon of mankind, the the the the she mean the the social the dint the the diagram taboo the the of the of the the some behavior, the the the the thing the the or relation, the the the the lead the the the language the the that the the the the 申 goes the the to the the the the express these contentses, this is also the language taboo phenomenon that the people say usually.The language taboo phenomenon exist in each race in the world, it permeates in the life of a race culture, language, religious each realm.In various language of the world, still is a big language to grow regardless the small language grow, the existence of the all necessary language taboo.Two kinds of languages of Chinese and English is example:In two kinds of languages of Chinese and English.Exist a great deal of language taboo, these taboos relate to each aspect of the social activities.For example, in the Chinese and English two Chinese languages turn, the people's consensus to the death is misery and disasters, the people like to discuss the rare topic, but get around the dead topic.Thinking to speak of dead is ominous, hence in actual exchanges, the people are vigorously the quantity avoid speaking of ominous words that dies this worker directly.Again such as, in many different cultural languages, the people all avoid as taboo those equally vulgar curse meanly, abusive language.Two kinds of languages of English-to-Chinese are no exception in this aspect.Can say, curse to is is a widespread existence in one of the language taboo phenomenon within various language cultures with the abusive language language, in the exchanges, people as far as possible avoid use unpleasant to hear words of these coarses.If the son in English of birch is few to appear in the situation of the formality.In the Chinese language, although also have some curse and abusive language, such as:" His mama of" wait.But people also at avoid the usage as far as possible.Certainly curse, the abusive language language is usually restrict that is subjected to the age sex and occupation etc..Generally speaking, the kid calls names and would is blame by adult and teacher, the female call names then would drive it is vulgar and disrespectful and uncultivated that person ask, etc., so in across culture of communicate, social intercourse the both parties win well catholicity of be aware of the language taboo, thus reduce to cause the otiose trouble because of use not appropriate.
2.2 Special.
The special of the language taboo also is to point his character or a clans.A clan becomes the autonym clan to all have the different cultural background the special language taboo language backs of the different from culture, a culture of clan can in the language of its race reflection come out, the taboo language is no exception, race in the process of it develop.Exactly because of the special of the language taboo, the people of different race while carrying on acrossing the cultural social intercourse can can produce to the same thing or phenomenon different even clearly contrary viewpoint.So while carrying on acrossing the cultural social intercourse, the people must be aware of the special of the language taboo well, avoiding cause social intercourse in otiose and embarrassed.For example, the Chinese speak without fear to the age, sometimes for mean that esteem still especially the idea pluses the " old" word, etc. The The The the The the the such as" the the the the old teacher, the the the the old king, the the the the old piece", the the the the the the the egg thus the the form the to the the the the the the way the is the the the at the the the the the the the west nation the the the the but the the is the the the people the the the the the to the the can't the the the the the accept of, the the the the the in the the their eyes" old" the is the the pronoun of" decrepitude, useless", the the the the at the the the the the the same time, the female of the west nation is also the 讳莫 to own age such as deep.The western person pays attention to personal privacy very much, to them, the age, money, marital status, political views, religion and faith...etc.s all belong to personal privacy, the other people have no business to interfere with, inquiring personal privacy will be think is an ill-mannered and lowbrow behavior, however this kind of taboo is in China but also nonexistent, the Chinese emphasize to trust mutually and concern mutually, the business that think the friend is own matter, etc..Even is in the numerical aspect, two races of English-to-Chinese are also each to have the different viewpoint.For example numeral" six" is a smooth symbol in Chinese eye, such as"66 big and agreeable" etc., but" six" is in English but not that popular, such as the at sixes and sevens( a hideous mess, in great disorder), it' the s six of one and half a dozen of the other;( half catty and eight ounces,50 the steps smile 100 step)The Chinese think the numeral"13" is a numeral of good luck, but"13" in the west but is think is a very ominous numeral, the people think that this numeral would bring bad luck for everyone.Therefore, the special function of the understanding language taboo lets us even go deep into the culture and traditions that the ground acquaint with different race enough, this for carry on acrossing the hour of the cultural social intercourse very important and necessary

Answer 3

2.1 universality

Taboo is human society universal existence of a kind of complex cultural phenomenon, she means that the social tries to certain behaioral ineffable, things or relationship, extended to express these content of language, this also is the People's Daily said language taboos phenomenon. Language taboos phenomenon exists in every nation in, it permeates a national cultural life, language, religion fields. All kinds of languages in the world, no matter how big or small language, languages are not the language taboos existence. Medium languages, for example: in both in Chinese and English language. There is a lot of language taboos, these taboo in relation to social all aspects of life. For example, in the UK culture, people of death is unfortunate and evil consensus, people like to talk about the topic, shunning the birth death topic. Think about death is unlucky and so on practical communication, people energizer avoid direct reference to death this worker not lucky words. Be like again, in many different culture in language, people all the same taboo off-color obscene curse, swearing words. English languages in this respect is no exception. Can say, curses and swearing words is commonly found in various language culture in one language taboos phenomenon, in communication, people try to avoid using these parting bad words. As companies in English of birch it rarely in formal situations appear. In Chinese language, though there are also some curse and swearing words, such as: "fuck" etc. But people also avoid using. Of course, no chiders curse words is usually by age sex and occupation restrictions. Generally speaking, kid call names will be affected by adults and teacher accused, women call names are asking is vulgar discourteous without breeding, etc, so in cross-cultural communication, communication both win fully conscious of the language taboos, thus reducing the universality of the improper use of and cause unnecessary trouble.

2.2 particularity.

Language taboos particularity also means his personality or nations sex. Different nations in its developing process of specific clan formed peculiar language and culture, a nation's culture in the national language can be reflected in, taboo language is not exceptional also, different nationalities taboo words behind all have different culture background. Because of the particularity of language taboos, people of different nationalities in the cross-cultural communication can can be on the same thing or phenomenon produces different even contrary opinion. So in intercultural communication, people must be fully aware that the particularity of language taboos, avoid causing unnecessary embarrassment in communication. For example, the Chinese to age outspoken, sometimes to honor also designedly "old" words, such as "an old teacher to, Lao wang, Mr. Zhang" etc, the eggs this form to the way people in western countries is unacceptable, in their view "it" is "senescence, useless" pronoun, meanwhile, the western countries women about their age is to keep secret. Westerners pay attention to personal privacy, for their part, age, money, marital status, and political views, religious belief and other all belong to personal privacy, others has no right to intervene, asking personal privacy could be considered rude and nurturing behaviour, however this kind of taboo in China but does not exist, the Chinese people advocate mutual trust and mutual concern, consider friends thing is to their own things, etc. Even in digital, english-chinese two nationalities also each have different opinions. For example digital "six" in Chinese eyes is the symbol of smoothly, such as "66 dashun" etc, and "six" in English isn't very popular at sixes and sevens, such as (a hideous mess, messy), it 's six of a-one and you a dozen of the of (off, the pot calling the kettle black); Chinese believe that digital "13" is a lucky number, and "13" in the west was considered very lucky number, people think this number will bring you luck. Therefore, understanding the particularity of language taboos can make us more thoroughly familiar with different cultures and traditions, this regarding the intercultural communication is very important and necessary

Answer 4

人家看你的文章就不止5分钟.亏还有两位好心人解答......

Answer 5

2.1 普遍性
Taboo is a complex cultural phenomenon in human society in General, she refers to certain acts of the community seeking to taboo, things or relationships, extended to express the language of the content, which is why language taboos of people's daily said. Language taboos exist in every nation of the world, its penetration in a culture of life, language, religion in various industries. In the various languages in the world, whether it is a great language or languages, not to linguistic taboos exist. In the English language, for example: in the English language. There are a large number of language taboos, these taboos related to all aspects of social life. For example, in the two cultures, consensus is unfortunately on death and disasters, people like to talk about health topics, topics of avoiding death. When it comes to death is considered to be auspicious, so the actual communication, people avoid a direct reference to death this ominous term workers. Then, in many different cultures, languages, people have the same kind of taboo that vulgar, nasty curses, bad language. English and the languages in this regard is no exception. It can be said that curse and swear words are commonly found in one of the language in the various linguistic and cultural taboos, communication, people try to avoid using such indecent nasty words. As son of birch in English a few in the event of a formal occasion. In Chinese, although there are some cursing and swearing, such as: "fuck" and so on. But people are also avoided. Of course curse, curse words are usually subject to restrictions such as age, sex, and professional. In General, children accused of swearing will be adults and teachers, women swear you will be asked to be vulgar, impolite not educated, and so on, so in intercultural communication, communicative win both sides fully aware of the universality of the language taboos, thereby reducing the unnecessary trouble due to improper use.
2.2 特殊性。
Also refers to the peculiarity of linguistic taboos of his personality or family. Different communities in their development process, formed a book called the unique language and culture, a culture can be reflected in their national language, taboo is no exception, of different nationalities behind taboo words have different cultural backgrounds. It is precisely because of the particularity of the language taboos, people of different nationalities at the time of intercultural communication can be the same thing or phenomenon produces different and even opposite views. At the time of intercultural communication, people must be fully aware of the particularity of the language taboos, avoid unnecessary embarrassment caused by communication. For example, Chinese age straightforward, sometimes in order to pay tribute also especially the words "old" words such as "old, old, old Wang" and so on, egg sheet to in Western countries, it is unacceptable to people, in their view, "old" is "old, useless" synonymous with, at the same time, women in Western countries about their age is secrecy. Westerners are focused on personal privacy, to them, age, marital status, money, political opinions, religious beliefs are personal privacy, others have no right to intervene, asks if privacy is considered impolite and parenting behavior, but such a taboo in China, it does not exist, people advocating mutual trust and mutual concern, and that friend is your thing, and so on. Even in a digital context, both in English and Chinese peoples have different views. Such as digital "six" in China, people's eyes is a symbol of success, such as "66 Royal Flush", and "six" in English are less popular, such as at sixes and Sevens (messy, messy), it ' s six of one and half a dozen of the other (a dozen of, the kettle black); Chinese believe that the number "13" is a lucky number, and "13" in the West, it is considered extremely inauspicious numbers, it is thought that this would bring bad luck for everyone. Therefore, understanding particularity of the language taboos can make us better acquainted with the culture and traditions of different Nations, intercultural communication is very important and necessary for