Question

求专业人士帮翻译下，在线等

Key words: acceptability, implementation, parking tax, traffic reduction
Abstract. This paper evaluates the pros and cons of implementing parking pricing to reduce
auto use and traffic through parking taxes. Taxes on parkers and the providers are evaluated in
terms of effectiveness in influencing auto use, operations of the tax, and the legality as well as
acceptability of the options. The intent is to help local governments evaluate parking tax
approaches.
Abbreviation: TDM - Transportation Demand Management
Introduction
A growing body of research on traffic mitigation programs at employment sites
suggests parking pricing is effective in reducing employee solo driving and
associated vehicle trips to/from the sites. For example, a recent study of parking
and transit use at San Francisco hospitals found parking price the single most
important determinant of employee mode use, "accounting for up to 80 percent
of the variation in mode splits among six institutions" (Dowling, Feltham,
Wycko 1991). Commuter Computer, Inc. in Los Angeles dropped the drive
alone share among employees from 42 percent to 8 percent by eliminating free
parking (Surber, Shoup, Wachs 1984). Recent national reviews of employer
based TDM [Transportation Demand Management] programs in the United
States show reductions in solo driving among employees range from 12 to
40 percent at employers instituting priced parking for employees (Higgins
1990; Kenyon 1984; Kuzmyak, Schreffler 1990). "Cashing out" employer subsidies
of employee parking is another way to influence commuter vehicle
use through parking pricing. The cash out replaces employer provided free
or reduced rate employee parking with a cash equivalent. In this way,
employees have the option of accepting cash and using transit, or cycling or
walking to work. One study of Los Angeles commuters estimates the cash
out might reduce solo driving by as much as 24 percent (Willson, Shoup 1990).

Answer 1

Key words: acceptability, implementation, parking tax, traffic reduction
Abstract. This paper evaluates the pros and cons of implementing parking pricing to reduce auto use and traffic through parking taxes. Taxes on parkers and the providers are evaluated in terms of effectiveness in influencing auto use, operations of the tax, and the legality as well as acceptability of the options. The intent is to help local governments evaluate parking tax approaches. Abbreviation: TDM - Transportation Demand Management
关键词：可接受性、执行、停车税、降低交通拥挤。
摘要：本文针对执行停车定价及赋税来降低车辆使用率及缓解交通拥挤的利与弊进行评估。向停车位的提供者和使用者赋税的评估内容包括其降低车辆用率的有效性、赋税的方式以及采取这种选择的合法性与可接受性。本研究的目的是协助本地政府对收取停车税措施进行评估。
缩写：TDM – 交通运输需求管理

Introduction 引言
A growing body of research on traffic mitigation programs at employment sites suggests parking pricing is effective in reducing employee solo driving and associated vehicle trips to/from the sites. For example, a recent study of parking and transit use at San Francisco hospitals found parking price the single most important determinant of employee mode use, "accounting for up to 80 percent of the variation in mode splits among six institutions" (Dowling, Feltham, Wycko 1991). Commuter Computer, Inc. in Los Angeles dropped the drive alone share among employees from 42 percent to 8 percent by eliminating free parking (Surber, Shoup, Wachs 1984).
越来越多对工作场所交通疏缓计划的研究资料都认为要降低职工个人驾驶及往返工作场所相关的车次，采取停车定价是有效的措施。例如，最近对旧金山多家医院的停车情况及使用轻轨的调查研究发现，影响职工使用方式的一个最重要决定因素是停车价格，“在6家医院的不同使用方式中占了80%” (Dowling, Feltham, Wycko 1991文献).。在洛杉矶的Commuter Computer公司，在废除免费停车制度后，员工单人驾车上班的比率由42%降至8% (Surber, Shoup, Wachs 1984文献).。

Recent national reviews of employer based TDM [Transportation Demand Management] programs in the United States show reductions in solo driving among employees range from 12 to 40 percent at employers instituting priced parking for employees (Higgins 1990; Kenyon 1984; Kuzmyak, Schreffler 1990). "Cashing out" employer subsidies of employee parking is another way to influence commuter vehicle use through parking pricing. The cash out replaces employer provided free or reduced rate employee parking with a cash equivalent. In this way, employees have the option of accepting cash and using transit, or cycling or walking to work. One study of Los Angeles commuters estimates the cash out might reduce solo driving by as much as 24 percent (Willson, Shoup 1990).
最近美国对基于雇主的TDM计划进行的检讨显示，自雇主制定向员工收取停车费后，单人驾驶率降低了12%至40%不等(Higgins 1990; Kenyon 1984; Kuzmyak, Schreffler 1990文献)。以现金替代雇主给员工停车的优惠是另一个促使员工采用公共交通的好方法。雇主用现金取代给予员工停车免费或优惠；因此，员工可以选择接受现金并使用轻轨，或骑自行车或步行上班。根据一项对洛杉矶乘客的研究测算，这种发放现金方法对单人驾车率可能降低多达24% (Willson, Shoup 1990文献)。

【英语牛人团】

Answer 2

关键词：接受，执行，停车税，减少交通
抽象的。本文评估实施的优点和缺点，以减少停车定价
通过使用自动停车和交通税。帕克和供应商的税金中进行评估
在效益方面的影响汽车的使用，税收业务，合法性以及
可接受的选项。这样做的目的是帮助当地政府评估停车税
方法。
简称：时分复用 - 交通需求管理
简介
越来越多的研究机构，就交通缓解方案，以招聘网站
建议在减少停车定价是有效的员工单独驾驶及
相关车次/从网站。例如，最近的一项研究的停车
和过境旧金山医院使用中发现的一个最停车收费价格
重要的决定因素雇员模式的使用，“会计高达百分之80
在模式变化的六个机构之间的分裂“（道林，费尔特姆，
Wycko 1991年）。通勤电脑公司放弃了在洛杉矶的驱动器
单从42间共享百分之百分之八的员工通过消除自由
停车场（瑟伯，舒普，Wachs 1984年）。雇主最近国家评语
基于TDM的[交通需求管理]方案在美国
国家显示在单独驾驶减少员工之间的范围从12
百分之40的雇主为雇员实行定价停车场（希金斯
1990年，凯尼恩1984; Kuzmyak，Schreffler 1990）。 “嘿嘿，”雇主补贴
员工停车是另一种方式来影响通勤车
通过使用停车定价。现金雇主免费提供了取代
或减少率与现金等值的员工停车场。这样，
员工的接受和使用现金过境，或骑自行车或选项
步行上班。洛杉矶的一个研究报告估计乘客的现金
出可能会减少多达百分之24（威尔森，舒普1990）单独驾驶。
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
可能会有点错误，你自己修改一点，就OK了！！

Answer 3

关键词：接受，执行，停车税，减少交通
抽象的。本文评估实施的优点和缺点，以减少停车定价
通过使用自动停车和交通税。关于帕克费尔德及供应商的评估税
在效益方面的影响汽车的使用，税收业务，合法性以及
可接受的选项。这样做的目的是帮助当地政府评估停车税
方法。
简称：时分复用 - 交通需求管理
简介
越来越多的研究机构，就交通缓解方案，以招聘网站
建议在减少停车定价是有效的员工单独驾驶及
相关车次/从网站。例如，最近的一项研究的停车
和过境旧金山医院使用中发现的一个最停车收费价格
重要的决定因素雇员模式的使用，“会计高达百分之80
在模式变化的六个机构之间的分裂“（道林，费尔特姆，
Wycko 1991年）。通勤电脑公司放弃了在洛杉矶的驱动器
单从42间共享百分之百分之八的员工通过消除自由
停车场（瑟伯，舒普，Wachs 1984年）。雇主最近国家评语
基于TDM的[交通需求管理]方案在美国
国家显示在单独驾驶减少员工之间的范围从12
百分之40的雇主为雇员实行定价停车场（希金斯
1990年，凯尼恩1984; Kuzmyak，Schreffler 1990）。 “嘿嘿，”雇主补贴
员工停车是另一种方式来影响通勤车
通过使用停车定价。现金雇主免费提供了取代
或减少率与现金等值的员工停车场。这样，
员工的接受和使用现金过境，或骑自行车或选项
步行上班。洛杉矶的一个研究报告估计乘客的现金
出可能会减少多达百分之24（威尔森，舒普1990）单独驾驶。

Answer 4

您好 以下为本人手工制作
Key words: acceptability, implementation, parking tax, traffic reduction
关键词：可接受性，可执行性，停车税，交通量的减少
Abstract. This paper evaluates the pros and cons of implementing parking pricing to reduce
auto use and traffic through parking taxes.
摘要：本论文评价了通过收取停车费和停车税以减少汽车的使用的利与弊。
Taxes on parkers and the providers are evaluated in terms of effectiveness in influencing auto use, operations of the tax, and the legality as well as acceptability of the options.
（本文）对于停车者和提供者所收取的税费已借由其对汽车使用的影响、税收的经营、此举的正当性以及所提供选项的可接受性方面，从其有效性上对其作出了评价。
The intent is to help local governments evaluate parking tax approaches.
（本文的）意图旨在帮助地方政府（更客观地）评价停车税收方法。
Abbreviation: TDM - Transportation Demand Management
缩写词：TDM=- Transportation Demand Management 交通需求管理
Introduction 简介
A growing body of research on traffic mitigation programs at employment sites suggests parking pricing is effective in reducing employee solo driving and associated vehicle trips to/from the sites.
（这句有点奇怪）在招聘网站上越来越多的关于交通缓解方案的研究显示，收取停车费用在减少雇员单独驾车以及乘坐相关交通工具上下班上是很有效的。（我尽力了...）
For example, a recent study of parking and transit use at San Francisco hospitals found parking price the single most important determinant of employee mode use, "accounting for up to 80 percent of the variation in mode splits among six institutions" (Dowling, Feltham,
Wycko 1991).
例如，一项最近在旧金山医院进行的关于停车以及交通运输工具的使用的研究发现，停车费是决定雇员们使用哪种模式的交通工具上下班的最为关键的决定性因素。(“”中的实在不知所云...)
Commuter Computer, Inc. in Los Angeles dropped the drive alone share among employees from 42 percent to 8 percent by eliminating free parking (Surber, Shoup, Wachs 1984).
洛杉矶的通勤电脑公司通过取消了免费停车的规定而一举将单独驾车上下班的员工数量由百分之四十二降到了百分之八。(Surber, Shoup, Wachs 1984).
Recent national reviews of employer based TDM [Transportation Demand Management] programs in the United States show reductions in solo driving among employees range from 12 to 40 percent at employers instituting priced parking for employees (Higgins
1990; Kenyon 1984; Kuzmyak, Schreffler 1990).
最近在美国进行的基于交通需求管理方案而对雇主们进行的审查显示，在雇主们对雇员制定了停车收费的的规定后，雇员单独驾车的比例下降了百分之十二至百分之四十不等。 (Higgins
1990; Kenyon 1984; Kuzmyak, Schreffler 1990).
"Cashing out" employer subsidies of employee parking is another way to influence commuter vehicle use through parking pricing.
“变现”雇主对于雇员们停车的津贴则是另一种通过收取停车费用而影响通勤交通工具使用的方法。
The cash out replaces employer provided free or reduced rate employee parking with a cash equivalent.
这种“变现”的方法通过向雇员收取与津贴等价的现金而取代了向雇员提供免费或优惠的停车福利。
In this way,employees have the option of accepting cash and using transit, or cycling or
walking to work.
这样一来，雇员们既可以选择缴纳现金并使用交通工具，或骑自行车、走路上班。
One study of Los Angeles commuters estimates the cash out might reduce solo driving by as much as 24 percent (Willson, Shoup 1990).
一项来自洛杉矶通勤者的研究显示这个变现的方法可能将单独驾车者的比例减少百分之二十四。
(Willson, Shoup 1990).

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