急急急!!!50分求翻译1篇英文文章,我用翻译软件翻出来很乱,求高人翻一下
AnenvironmentalcomparisonofrepairversusreplacementinvehiclemaintenanceabstractInconse...
An environmental comparison of repair versus replacement in vehicle maintenance
a b s t r a c t
In consequence of traffic accidents car maintenance is essential. There are two maintenance options: to either repair the damaged components or replace them.Economic and environmental considerations come into making the optimal choice. This article develops a comparative environmental assessment of the options for typical non-structural damage to passenger cars using life cycle assessment. The results show that the environmental impact is generally lower when a damaged car component is repaired than when a new one is fitted. Single process steps have a significant influence on the results, and selective improvements may have an effect on the respective impacts.
1. Introduction
In 2008, there were 1.9 million traffic accidents in Germany, with 95% causing neither injuries to passengers or structural damage to vehicles (StaBA, 2009). For damage to non-structural components of cars, such as a minor stone impact on a windscreen or the deformations of a wing, there is usually the choice of either repairing the components affected or replacing them. The decision as to whether repair or replacement is essentially an economic one as far as the vehicle owner is concerned. Environmentally aware vehicle owners, however, may include additional factors in their considerations, and garages and manufacturers may adopt environmental assessment indicators to optimise their environmental performance.
What is, however, the most environmentally friendly choice? On the one hand, the material efforts of making a repair appear to be less than those required for replacing parts. On the other hand, industrial processes are in general more efficient
than handcrafted work, and the existing recycling of spare parts reduces the environmental impact of replacement even further.
2. Objectives
Here, we identify and quantify relevant environmental information regarding the alternative approaches of repairing versus replacing in vehicle maintenance. It provides an overarching assessment of technical processes, including production
pre-chains and the associated infrastructure processes. Further, a possibly unintended shift in the burden between different environmental compartments could be identified. The assessment involves looking at the complete environmental burden of the options for different damaged vehicles or vehicle components.
Four types of damage are compared; denting of a side panel of a car, a crack in front bumpers, stone impact on the windscreen,and scratches to the car lacquer. For the purpose of comparability, the functional base unit is defined as the recovery
of one damaged car. Any quantification refers to the flow of one maintained car. An essential assumption is that all recovery processes are within construction and other technical limits. Consequently, the non-repaired vehicle is not the subject of
assessment and can be disregarded.
3. Methodological considerations
The environmental assessment has to meet the following characteristics:
The assessment refers to the process of maintaining one damaged car.
The analysis is not about any specific model of a car but refers to an unspecified compact class car. The assessment
method thus has to provide generic results for the environmental performance of repair and of
replacement.
To avoid unintended side effects, the assessment shall not refer solely to the maintenance processes themselves, but
also include linked processes (e.g. electricity production, transportation efforts, recycling processes) to the largest possible
extent.
There are several types of environmental impacts, e.g. climate effects, health implications, and water acidification. The
instrument of choice shall address several of these impacts rather than a single one, such as the carbon footprint
method. For a discussion of the impact categories, see the list below. 展开
a b s t r a c t
In consequence of traffic accidents car maintenance is essential. There are two maintenance options: to either repair the damaged components or replace them.Economic and environmental considerations come into making the optimal choice. This article develops a comparative environmental assessment of the options for typical non-structural damage to passenger cars using life cycle assessment. The results show that the environmental impact is generally lower when a damaged car component is repaired than when a new one is fitted. Single process steps have a significant influence on the results, and selective improvements may have an effect on the respective impacts.
1. Introduction
In 2008, there were 1.9 million traffic accidents in Germany, with 95% causing neither injuries to passengers or structural damage to vehicles (StaBA, 2009). For damage to non-structural components of cars, such as a minor stone impact on a windscreen or the deformations of a wing, there is usually the choice of either repairing the components affected or replacing them. The decision as to whether repair or replacement is essentially an economic one as far as the vehicle owner is concerned. Environmentally aware vehicle owners, however, may include additional factors in their considerations, and garages and manufacturers may adopt environmental assessment indicators to optimise their environmental performance.
What is, however, the most environmentally friendly choice? On the one hand, the material efforts of making a repair appear to be less than those required for replacing parts. On the other hand, industrial processes are in general more efficient
than handcrafted work, and the existing recycling of spare parts reduces the environmental impact of replacement even further.
2. Objectives
Here, we identify and quantify relevant environmental information regarding the alternative approaches of repairing versus replacing in vehicle maintenance. It provides an overarching assessment of technical processes, including production
pre-chains and the associated infrastructure processes. Further, a possibly unintended shift in the burden between different environmental compartments could be identified. The assessment involves looking at the complete environmental burden of the options for different damaged vehicles or vehicle components.
Four types of damage are compared; denting of a side panel of a car, a crack in front bumpers, stone impact on the windscreen,and scratches to the car lacquer. For the purpose of comparability, the functional base unit is defined as the recovery
of one damaged car. Any quantification refers to the flow of one maintained car. An essential assumption is that all recovery processes are within construction and other technical limits. Consequently, the non-repaired vehicle is not the subject of
assessment and can be disregarded.
3. Methodological considerations
The environmental assessment has to meet the following characteristics:
The assessment refers to the process of maintaining one damaged car.
The analysis is not about any specific model of a car but refers to an unspecified compact class car. The assessment
method thus has to provide generic results for the environmental performance of repair and of
replacement.
To avoid unintended side effects, the assessment shall not refer solely to the maintenance processes themselves, but
also include linked processes (e.g. electricity production, transportation efforts, recycling processes) to the largest possible
extent.
There are several types of environmental impacts, e.g. climate effects, health implications, and water acidification. The
instrument of choice shall address several of these impacts rather than a single one, such as the carbon footprint
method. For a discussion of the impact categories, see the list below. 展开
2个回答
展开全部
维修与更换的环保汽车维修中的比较
概述:
在发生交通意外汽车维修的后果是必不可少的。维护选项有两个:要么修理或更换损坏的部件将作出最佳的选择来them.Economic和环境因素。本文开发了一个典型的非结构性损坏轿车用生命周期评价的选项比较环境评估。结果表明,环境影响普遍较低时,损坏的汽车零部件是一个新的时相比,装有修复。单进程步骤,对造成重大影响,选择性的改善可能对各自的影响作用。
1。简介
2008年,共有190万宗交通意外,在德国,有95%既没有造成乘客受伤或结构损坏的车辆(StaBA,2009)。对损害的非结构构件,如汽车挡风玻璃上的一个小石头撞击或一翼的变形,通常是有任何修理或更换的成分会影响他们的选择。关于是否维修或更换基本上是一个经济问题,据车主方面的决定。环保意识的车主,但可能包括其他因素的考虑因素,以及车库,制造商可能采取环保考核指标,以优化其环保性能。
是什么,然而,最环保的选择呢?一方面,使修复材料的努力似乎比更换零部件所需的少。另一方面,在一般的工序,更高效
比手工制作的工作,现有的备件更换回收降低了进一步的环境影响。
2。目标
在这里,我们确定和量化有关的环境信息关于修理汽车维修与更换的各种途径。它提供了一个技术过程的总体评估,包括生产
预链和相关的基础设施进程。此外,在不同的环境之间可能负担车厢可确定的意外转变。评估涉及着眼于完成不同的受损车辆或车辆部件的方案对环境的负担。
四种伤害类型比较,一车,一前保险杠裂缝,石头撞击在挡风玻璃上侧面板凹陷和划痕的车漆。为了比较的目的,功能基本单元被定义为经济复苏
一个损坏的汽车。量化是指任何一个维持车流。一个基本的假设是,所有在建设和恢复进程等技术限制。因此,非修理车辆没有这一主题的
评估和可以忽略问题补充。:
3。方法上的考虑
环境评估,必须符合以下特点:
1.评估是指以维持一个损坏汽车的过程。
2.该分析是不是任何一个汽车模型,但具体是指未指定紧凑级车。
因此,必须提供方法为修复环境绩效及一般结果更换。
3.为了避免意外的副作用,评估应不仅指的保养过程本身,而是腔尘
还包括链接过程(如电力生产,运输工作,回收袭桥过程),以尽最大的作业
4.有几种类型的环境影响,例如气候的影伍禅禅响,健康影响,以及水酸化。该
仪器的选择应针对这些影响的几个,而不是单一的,如碳足迹
方法。有关受影响类别的讨论,见以下列表。
概述:
在发生交通意外汽车维修的后果是必不可少的。维护选项有两个:要么修理或更换损坏的部件将作出最佳的选择来them.Economic和环境因素。本文开发了一个典型的非结构性损坏轿车用生命周期评价的选项比较环境评估。结果表明,环境影响普遍较低时,损坏的汽车零部件是一个新的时相比,装有修复。单进程步骤,对造成重大影响,选择性的改善可能对各自的影响作用。
1。简介
2008年,共有190万宗交通意外,在德国,有95%既没有造成乘客受伤或结构损坏的车辆(StaBA,2009)。对损害的非结构构件,如汽车挡风玻璃上的一个小石头撞击或一翼的变形,通常是有任何修理或更换的成分会影响他们的选择。关于是否维修或更换基本上是一个经济问题,据车主方面的决定。环保意识的车主,但可能包括其他因素的考虑因素,以及车库,制造商可能采取环保考核指标,以优化其环保性能。
是什么,然而,最环保的选择呢?一方面,使修复材料的努力似乎比更换零部件所需的少。另一方面,在一般的工序,更高效
比手工制作的工作,现有的备件更换回收降低了进一步的环境影响。
2。目标
在这里,我们确定和量化有关的环境信息关于修理汽车维修与更换的各种途径。它提供了一个技术过程的总体评估,包括生产
预链和相关的基础设施进程。此外,在不同的环境之间可能负担车厢可确定的意外转变。评估涉及着眼于完成不同的受损车辆或车辆部件的方案对环境的负担。
四种伤害类型比较,一车,一前保险杠裂缝,石头撞击在挡风玻璃上侧面板凹陷和划痕的车漆。为了比较的目的,功能基本单元被定义为经济复苏
一个损坏的汽车。量化是指任何一个维持车流。一个基本的假设是,所有在建设和恢复进程等技术限制。因此,非修理车辆没有这一主题的
评估和可以忽略问题补充。:
3。方法上的考虑
环境评估,必须符合以下特点:
1.评估是指以维持一个损坏汽车的过程。
2.该分析是不是任何一个汽车模型,但具体是指未指定紧凑级车。
因此,必须提供方法为修复环境绩效及一般结果更换。
3.为了避免意外的副作用,评估应不仅指的保养过程本身,而是腔尘
还包括链接过程(如电力生产,运输工作,回收袭桥过程),以尽最大的作业
4.有几种类型的环境影响,例如气候的影伍禅禅响,健康影响,以及水酸化。该
仪器的选择应针对这些影响的几个,而不是单一的,如碳足迹
方法。有关受影响类别的讨论,见以下列表。
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维修与更换的环保汽车维修中的比较
一个B的T ř一个C吨
在发生交通意外汽车维修的后果是必不可少的。维护选项有两个:要么修理或更换损坏的部件将作出最佳的选择来them.Economic和环境因素。本文开发了一个典型的非结构性损坏轿车用生命周期评价的选项比较环境评估。结果表明,环境影响普遍较低时,损坏的汽车零部件是一个新的时相比,装有修复。单进程步骤,对造成重大影响,选择性的改善可能对各自的影响作用。
1。简介
2008年,共有190万宗交通意外,在德国,有95%既没有造成乘客受伤或结脊禅卜构损坏的车辆(StaBA,2009)。对损害的非结构构件,如汽车挡风玻璃上的一个小石头撞击或一翼的变形,通常是有任何修理或更换的成分会影响他们的选择。关于是否维修或更换基本上是一个经济问题,据车主方面的决定。环保意识的车主,但可能包括其他因素的考虑因素,以及车库,制造商可能采取环保考核指标,以优化其环保性能。
是什么,然而,最环保的选择呢?一方面,使修复材料的努力似乎比更换零部件所需的少。另一方面,在一般的工序,更高效
比手工制作的工袭燃作,现有的备件更换回收降低了进一步的环境影响。
2。目标
在这里,我们确定和量化有关的环境信息关于修理汽车维修与更换的各种途径。它提供了一个技术过程的总体评估,包括生产
预链和相关的基础设施进程。此外,在不同的环境之间可能负担车厢可确定的意外转变。评估涉及着眼于完成不同的受损车辆或车辆部件的方案对环境的负担。
四种伤害类型比较,一车,一前保险杠裂缝,石头撞击在挡风玻璃上侧面板凹陷和划痕的车漆。为了比较的目的,功能基本单元被定义为经济复苏
一个损坏的汽车。量化是指任何一个维持车流。一个基本的假设是,所有在建设和恢复进程等技术限制。因此,非修理车辆没有这一主题的
评估和可以忽略问题补充。:
3。方法上的考虑
环境评估,必须符合以下特点:
?评估是指以维持一个损坏汽车的过程。
?该分析是不是任何一个汽车模型,但具体是指未指定紧凑级车。评估
因此,必须提供方法为修复环境绩效及一般结果
更换。
?为了避免意外的副作用,评估应不仅指的保养过程本身,而是
还包括链接过程(如电力生产,运输工作,回收过程),以最大的可能
的程度。
?有几种类型的环境影响,例如气候的影响,健康影响,以及水酸化。该
仪器的选择应针对这些影响的几个,而不是单一的,如碳足迹
方法。有关受影樱穗响类别的讨论,见以下列表。
朗读
显示对应的拉丁字符的拼音字典 - 查看字典详细内容
一个B的T ř一个C吨
在发生交通意外汽车维修的后果是必不可少的。维护选项有两个:要么修理或更换损坏的部件将作出最佳的选择来them.Economic和环境因素。本文开发了一个典型的非结构性损坏轿车用生命周期评价的选项比较环境评估。结果表明,环境影响普遍较低时,损坏的汽车零部件是一个新的时相比,装有修复。单进程步骤,对造成重大影响,选择性的改善可能对各自的影响作用。
1。简介
2008年,共有190万宗交通意外,在德国,有95%既没有造成乘客受伤或结脊禅卜构损坏的车辆(StaBA,2009)。对损害的非结构构件,如汽车挡风玻璃上的一个小石头撞击或一翼的变形,通常是有任何修理或更换的成分会影响他们的选择。关于是否维修或更换基本上是一个经济问题,据车主方面的决定。环保意识的车主,但可能包括其他因素的考虑因素,以及车库,制造商可能采取环保考核指标,以优化其环保性能。
是什么,然而,最环保的选择呢?一方面,使修复材料的努力似乎比更换零部件所需的少。另一方面,在一般的工序,更高效
比手工制作的工袭燃作,现有的备件更换回收降低了进一步的环境影响。
2。目标
在这里,我们确定和量化有关的环境信息关于修理汽车维修与更换的各种途径。它提供了一个技术过程的总体评估,包括生产
预链和相关的基础设施进程。此外,在不同的环境之间可能负担车厢可确定的意外转变。评估涉及着眼于完成不同的受损车辆或车辆部件的方案对环境的负担。
四种伤害类型比较,一车,一前保险杠裂缝,石头撞击在挡风玻璃上侧面板凹陷和划痕的车漆。为了比较的目的,功能基本单元被定义为经济复苏
一个损坏的汽车。量化是指任何一个维持车流。一个基本的假设是,所有在建设和恢复进程等技术限制。因此,非修理车辆没有这一主题的
评估和可以忽略问题补充。:
3。方法上的考虑
环境评估,必须符合以下特点:
?评估是指以维持一个损坏汽车的过程。
?该分析是不是任何一个汽车模型,但具体是指未指定紧凑级车。评估
因此,必须提供方法为修复环境绩效及一般结果
更换。
?为了避免意外的副作用,评估应不仅指的保养过程本身,而是
还包括链接过程(如电力生产,运输工作,回收过程),以最大的可能
的程度。
?有几种类型的环境影响,例如气候的影响,健康影响,以及水酸化。该
仪器的选择应针对这些影响的几个,而不是单一的,如碳足迹
方法。有关受影樱穗响类别的讨论,见以下列表。
朗读
显示对应的拉丁字符的拼音字典 - 查看字典详细内容
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