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谁能帮我翻译下一段话 翻译完必追加分数

第一架反射式望远镜诞生于1668年。牛顿经过多次磨制非球面的透镜均告失败后，决定采用球面反射镜作为主镜。他用2.5厘米直径的金属，磨制成一块凹面反射镜，并在主镜的焦点前面放置了一个与主镜成45o角的反射镜，使经主镜反射后的会聚光经反射镜以90o角反射出镜筒后到达目镜。这种系统称为牛顿式反射望远镜。它的球面镜虽然会产生一定的象差，但用反射镜代替折射镜却是一个巨大的成功。
詹姆斯·格雷戈里在1663年提出一种方案：利用一面主镜，一面副镜，它们均为凹面镜，副镜置于主镜的焦点之外，并在主镜的中央留有小孔，使光线经主镜和副镜两次反射后从小孔中射出，到达目镜。这种设计的目的是要同时消除球差和色差，这就需要一个抛物面的主镜和一个椭球面的副镜，这在理论上是正确的，但当时的制造水平却无法达到这种要求，所以格雷戈里无法得到对他有用的镜子。
1672年，法国人卡塞格林提出了反射式望远镜的第三种设计方案，结构与格雷戈里望远镜相似，不同的是副镜提前到主镜焦点之前，并为凸面镜，这就是现在最常用的卡赛格林式反射望远镜。这样使经副镜镜反射的光稍有些发散，降低了放大率，但是它消除了球差，这样制作望远镜还可以使焦距很短。
卡塞格林式望远镜的主镜和副镜可以有多种不同的形式，光学性能也有所差异。由于卡塞格林式望远镜焦距长而镜身短，放大倍率也大，所得图象清晰；既有卡塞格林焦点，可用来研究小视场内的天体，又可配置牛顿焦点，用以拍摄大面积的天体。因此，卡塞格林式望远镜得到了非常广泛的应用。
赫歇尔是制作反射式望远镜的大师，他早年为音乐师，因为爱好天文，从1773年开始磨制望远镜，一生中制作的望远镜达数百架。赫歇尔制作的望远镜是把物镜斜放在镜筒中，它使平行光经反射后汇聚于镜筒的一侧。
在反射式望远镜发明后的近200年中，反射材料一直是其发展的障碍：铸镜用的青铜易于腐蚀，不得不定期抛光，需要耗费大量财力和时间，而耐腐蚀性好的金属，比青铜密度高且十分昂贵。1856年德国化学家尤斯图斯·冯·利比希研究出一种方法，能在玻璃上涂一薄层银，经轻轻的抛光后，可以高效率地反射光。这样，就使得制造更好、更大的反射式望远镜成为可能。
1918年末，口径为254厘米的胡克望远镜投入使用，这是由海尔主持建造的。天文学家用这架望远镜第一次揭示了银河系的真实大小和我们在其中所处的位置，更为重要的是，哈勃的宇宙膨胀理论就是用胡克望远镜观测的结果。
二十世纪二、三十年代，胡克望远镜的成功激发了天文学家建造更大反射式望远镜的热情。1948年，美国建造了口径为508厘米望远镜，为了纪念卓越的望远镜制造大师海尔，将它命名为海尔望远镜。从设计到制造完成海尔望远镜经历了二十多年，尽管它比胡克望远镜看得更远，分辨能力更强，但它并没有使人类对宇宙的有更新的认识。正如阿西摩夫所说："海尔望远镜（1948年）就象半个世纪以前的叶凯士望远镜（1897年）一样，似乎预兆着一种特定类型的望远镜已经快发展到它的尽头了"。在1976 年前苏联建造了一架600厘米的望远镜，但它发挥的作用还不如海尔望远镜，这也印证了阿西摩夫所说的话。
反射式望远镜有许多优点，比如：没有色差，能在广泛的可见光范围内记录天体发出的信息，且相对于折射望远镜比较容易制作。但由于它也存在固有的不足：如口径越大，视场越小，物镜需要定期镀膜等。

Answer 1

这么长

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翻译完追加分哦。分全给都成。

Answer 2

英语：The first reflecting telescope was born in 1668. Newton after several divisions after the failure of grinding of aspheric lenses, decided on a spherical mirror as the primary mirror. His 2.5 cm diameter metal, grinding into a concave mirror, and placed in front of the primary mirror focus a 45o angle reflector with the primary mirror so that the primary mirror reflection of converging light by mirrors to 90o angle reflecting tube reaches the eyepiece. This system is called a Newtonian reflecting telescope. Its spherical lens will produce a certain amount of aberration, but replaced by the mirror reflector is a great success.
Zhanmusi·geleigeli in 1663 and a solution: use a primary mirror and a secondary mirror, which are concave mirror, outside of the secondary mirror to the primary mirror focus, and leave holes in the center of the primary mirror, the light after reflection by the primary mirror and a secondary mirror two small-hole shot, reaches the eyepiece. This design is intended to simultaneously eliminate spherical aberration and color difference, this requires a paraboloid primary mirror and a ellipsoid secondary mirror, which in theory is correct, but manufacturing level does not meet this requirement, so Gregory could not be useful to him in the mirror.
In 1672, the French proposed a reflecting telescope of the Cassegrain third design, the Gregory telescope-like structure, is different before the secondary mirror to the primary mirror focus in advance and Conver lens, which is now the most popular card game of green reflecting telescope. So that the secondary mirror mirror reflection of the light is slightly diverge, lower magnification, but it eliminates spherical aberration, which made telescopes can also make the focal length very short.
Cassegrain type telescope primary mirror and a secondary mirror can take many different forms, optical performance is also vary. Short shank because of long focal length Cassegrain-telescope, magnification, image obtained clear; both Cassegrain focus, can be used to study objects in the small field and configure Newtonian focus, to photograph large areas of celestial bodies. Therefore, Cassegrain telescope has been very widely used.
Herschel was made master of reflective telescope, his early years as musicians, because like astronomy, from 1773 grinding telescope, telescope of life make up hundreds of aircraft. Herschel telescope is made of in the diagonal in the tube lens, it made after reflection, the parallel light converge on one side of the tube.
Reflective in nearly 200 years after the invention of the telescope, reflecting material has always been its development obstacles: corrosion casting of bronze mirror is easy to had to be periodically polished, requires substantial financial and time consuming, and good corrosion resistance metal than bronze high density and very expensive. 1856 Germany chemist yousitusi·Feng·Li Bichi developed a method, can be coated a thin layer of silver on glass, gently polished, can efficiently reflect light. In this way, you make better, more reflective telescope possible.
At the end of 1918, Hooker telescope aperture is 254 cm and put into use, which is chaired by Haier building. Astronomers use the telescope for the first time revealed the true size of the Milky Way Galaxy and the location of where we, even more important is that Hubble expansion of the universe theory is to use results of the Hooker telescope.
Ershishijier、sanshiniandai, Hooker telescope successfully led astronomers to build greater enthusiasm for reflective telescopes. In 1948, the United States built the diameter of 508 cm telescope, to commemorate the outstanding masters of the telescope manufacturing Haier, name it for the Hale telescope. From design to manufacturing complete the Hale telescope has gone through more than 20 years, although it is farther than the Hooker telescope, resolving power of a stronger, but it does not allow humans to have updated knowledge of the universe. As aximofu said: "the Hale telescope (1948) just like Ye Kaishi telescope half a century ago (1897), the warning seems to be a specific type of telescope is rapid development to the end of it." In 1976 the former Soviet Union built a 600 cm telescope, but its role to play than Hale telescope, which also confirms what aximofu said.
Reflective telescopes has many advantages, such as: no difference, in a wide range of visible light information issued in respect of celestial bodies, and are more likely to make relative to the refracting telescope. But because of its inherent disadvantages: larger the diameter, smaller field of view, lens need to be coated on a regular basis.
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Answer 3

The first plane reflex telescope was born in 1668 years. Newton after many abraded aspherical lenses are failed, decided to adopt a spherical reflector as the main mirror. He used the 2.5 cm in diameter, abrading into a piece of metal concave mirrors, and the focus of the main mirror placed a front with 45o Angle into the primary mirror the reflector, after that the primary mirror reflection of the mirror will spotlighting with 90o Angle reflect lens tube after the eyepiece. This system is called Newton type reflecting telescopes. Its present although will produce some like poor, but with reflector instead of refraction mirror is a huge success.
James Gregory in 1663 proposed solution: in using primary mirror, one side, they are secondary collections, vice mirror on the focus of the main mirror outside, and in the center of the primary mirror with holes, make the light of main mirror and secondary mirror reflected from the holes after twice in injection, reach eyepiece. This is designed to also eliminate ball differentials and chromatism, this needs a paraboloid of the main mirror and an ellipsoid secondary, this in theory is correct, but at that time the manufacturing level but not reach this request, so Gregory cannot get the mirror of useful to him.
In 1672, French card plug put forward green reflex telescope's third design, structure and Gregory telescope similar, different is secondary to advance to the primary mirror before, and to focus on the convex mirror, is now the most common type of green card "reflecting telescopes. This secondary mirror that the reflected light slightly some divergent, reduced the magnification, but it eliminates the ball is poor, so making telescope can also make the focal length is very short.
Card plug green type telescope primary mirror and vice lens can have a variety of different forms, optical properties also different. Due to the card plug green type telescope focal length long and JingShen short, magnification is big also, income image is clear; Both card plug used to research focus, green field, and the trivial objects can be equipped with Newton, to shoot large areas of focus objects. Therefore, card plug green type telescope got very widely.
Herschel telescope was making the reflex, his early master hobby for musicians, because from the beginning in 1773 astronomy, the grinding telescope, life the telescope made for hundreds of frame. Herschel telescope is made of the telescope obliquely placed in a cylindrical tube, it makes parallel light after by reflection on one side of a cylindrical tube within.
After the invention of telescope in reflex of nearly 200 years, reflective materials have been is its development obstacle: cast with bronze mirror polishing, have to regularly to corrosion, it takes a lot of money and time, and corrosion resistance, good metal than bronze high density and very expensive. In 1856, German chemist especially stew von libby and developed a way, can in glass with a thin layer of silver, after polishing by gently, can effectively reflect light. So, makes make better, bigger reflex telescope possible.
End of 1918, diameter of 25.4bn centimeters of hooker telescope into use, it is hosted by haier built. Astronomy household the telescope first revealed the true size and our galaxy in which position, more importantly, Hubble's cosmic expansion theory is the result of using the hooker telescope.
The twentieth century two, in the 1930s hooker telescope success inspired astronomers building bigger reflex telescope enthusiasm. In 1948, the United States built diameter for 508 centimeters telescope, to commemorate the telescope manufacturing excellence master haier, will it named haier telescope. From design to manufacturing finished haier telescope experienced more than 20 years, although it may see farther than the hooker telescope, distinguishing ability strong, but it did not make a update to the human understanding of the universe. As Seymour o said, "haier Cardiff telescope (1948) as the half a century ago YeKaiShi telescope (1897), seems like a specific types of sign the telescope has fast to its end". In 1976 years ago the Soviet union built a frame 600 centimeters of telescope, but it gives play to the role of haier telescope, as this is also proved the Cardiff Seymour said o.
Reflex telescope has many advantages, such as: no off color, can in widely visible objects within the message record, and relatively easy to make in refractive telescope comparison. But because it also inherent shortage: if the smaller, the greater the view caliber, the objective need regular coating etc.

Answer 4

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