Question

外文翻译求助

1. Introduction
During the last decades researchers of collective self-managed low-income housing have pointed out, along with positive attributes, the many difficulties associated with such initiatives. Organizations are unprepared and inexperienced in assuming responsibility for the complexities of housing development. The gap between housing cost and salaries is too great to be met without additional resources (subsidies, external aid, etc.). Poor families do not have access to formal credit for land purchase and housing construction. The volume of production is too low to be significant. There are conflicts between organizations and with authorities. Financial and technical support is not provided. The cooperative spirit and commitment fade out after houses are built and long-term affordability is not secured (Lewin, 1981; Durand-Lasserve, 1987; Yap, 1989; Vakil, 1991; Payne (1989) and Payne (1999)).
The emergence and growth of self-managed low-income housing cooperatives in Porto Alegre during the 1990s did, however, challenge some of the limitations listed above, mainly the lack of cooperation between organizations and authorities, and the lack of provision of technical support. This study focuses on the experience of the low-income housing cooperatives program implemented in that city during the last 12 years. The aim of the paper is to contribute to understanding how the partnership between the local state (the planning and housing agencies) and civic associations (the housing cooperatives) has unfolded. What difficulties have the parties involved in this relationship faced? What impact have these interactions had on shaping these organizations and on the implementation of local policies in the field of land and housing in Porto Alegre?
The development of self-managed low-income housing cooperatives in Porto Alegre resulted from a joint effort carried out by the municipal government and organized civil society, mainly labor unions and community-based groups. Over time, cooperative members and government officials have referred to the interactions between the local power and the cooperative associations as a partnership, where the meanings of roles and responsibilities have been defined by the two partners in the process of construction of the relationship. Although unions and community groups participated actively in the process, the cooperative program was launched by the municipal state through its housing agency.

Answer 1

有点难度啊，你拿去参考吧！
在过去的数十年里，对集中自我管理低收入住房计划进行研究的人员指出，此计划给人们带来一定好处的同时，在执行方面也有一定的困难：
相关机构对于承担这么一想复杂的住宅开发项目毫无准备和经验；房价和人们工资之间差距巨大，如果没有其他手段（如津贴，额外补助等），人们根本没法满足住房要求；贫困家庭又不能利用信用卡置地建房；成效不显著；相关机构和政府当局之间有冲突；没有提供经济和技术支持；在房屋建成之后，人们合作精神减退，承诺保证不能实现，长期支付能力不能保证。
然而阿雷格里港自我管理低收入住房合作社的存在和发展却克服了以上的各种局限，特别是在相关机构和政府当局的合作，以及技术支持的提供方面。我们的研究就着重关注近12年来低收入住房合作社在该市开展实施的经验。该论文的主要目的在于理解地方当局（建房规划和房屋代理）和市民群众组织（住房合作社）之间的关系是如何展开的。双方在面对这个关系时遇到了什么困难？在形成这些组织以及在阿雷格里港实施土地建房政策的时候，两者之间的相互交流互动造成了什么影响，这都是本文中关注的内容。
阿雷格里港自我管理低收入住房合作社的发展的益于市政府和有组织的公民社团的共同努力，特别是公认联盟和以社区为基础的团体。久而久之，合作社成员和政府人员都称地方权力机构和合作社之间的关系为合作伙关系，在建立这层关系的过程中，各自的任务和责任由双方共同界定。合作计划由市政府通过房屋代理启动。