Question

分析化学术语翻译

12. titration, back-titration, standard solution, primary standard, standardization, end point, titration error, indicators
A titration is a process wherein the capacity of a substance to combine with a reagent is quantitatively measured. Ordinarily this is accomplished by the controlled addition of a reagent of known concentration to a solution of the substance until reaction between the two is judged, to be complete; the volume of reagent is then measured. Occasionally it is convenient or necessary to carry out a volumetric analysis by adding an excess of the reagent and then determining the excess by titration with a second reagent of known concentration. The second titration is called a back-titration.
The reagent of exactly known composition used in a titration is called a standard solution. The accuracy with which its concentration is known sets a definite limit upon the accuracy of the method; for this reason, much care is taken in the preparation of standard solutions. Commonly the concentration of a standard solution is arrived in either of two ways: (1) a carefully measured quantity of a pure compound is titrated with the reagent and the concentration calculated from the weight and volume measurements; or (2) the standard solution is prepared by dissolving a carefully weighed quantity of the pure reagent itself in the solvent; this is then diluted to an exactly known volume. In either method, a highly purified chemical compound - called a primary standard is required as the reference material. The process whereby the concentration of a standard solution is determined by titration of a primary standard is called a standardization.
The goal of every titration is the addition of standard solution in such amount as to be chemically equivalent to the substance with which it reacts. For example, the equivalence point in the titration of sodium chloride with silver nitrate is attained when exactly one formula weight of silver ion has been introduced for each formula weight of chloride ion present in the sample. In the titration of sulfuric acid with sodium hydroxide, the equivalence point occurs when two formula weights of the latter have been introduced for each formula weights of the former.
The equivalence point in a titration is a theoretical concept. In actual fact we can only estimate its position by observing physical changes associated with it in the solution. The point in titration where such changes manifest themselves is called the end point, it is to be hoped that the volume difference between the end point and the equivalence point will be small. Differences do arise, however, owing to inadequacies in the physical changes and our ability to observe them. This results in an analytical error called a titration error.

Answer 1

滴定，背滴定，标准溶液，一级标准，规范化，终点，滴定误差，指标
滴定是其中的一种物质结合能力的定量试剂测量的过程。按说这是通过一个已知浓度的试剂控制除了物质的溶液，直至两者之间的反应来判断，要完成;的试剂量进行测量。有时它是方便或需要进行增加一个多余的试剂滴定法，然后确定与已知浓度的第二试剂过剩a容量分析。第二个滴定称为回滴定。
在滴定用试剂完全已知的成分被称为标准的解决方案。究其原因与它的浓度是已知的精度设置后，该方法的准确性明确的限制;因为这个原因，许多服务是在标准溶液的准备措施。常用的标准溶液的浓度是抵达两种方式：（1）一个纯化合物仔细测量量与试剂滴定，从重量和体积的测量计算出的浓度;或（2）标准溶液制备溶解的纯试剂在仔细衡量自身的溶剂量，这是一个完全稀释已知体积。在这两种方法，一种高度纯化的化合物 - 称为一级标准要求作为参考材料。据此，该标准溶液的浓度是由一级标准滴定过程称为标准化。
每个滴定目标是在该金额标准的解决方案，以通过化学除等同于物质与它的反应。例如，在钠与硝酸银滴定氯化物等价点达到时只有一个银离子配方的重量已为每个氯离子在样品中分子量介绍。在与氢氧化钠硫酸滴定，等价点发生在两个公式的权重，后者已为前者的每个公式的权重推出。
在滴定等当点是一个理论概念。事实上，我们只能估计通过观察与它相关的解决方案中的物理变化的立场。在滴定地步，这种变化表现出来称为终点，它是希望之间的终点和等价点卷的差异会很小。出现分歧，但是，由于在物理变化和我们的能力，观察他们的不足之处。在分析这将导致错误称为滴定误差