急求翻译英语,不要在线翻译的,要有英语语法的,谢谢了!!
星基增强系统（SBAS）为增强现有GPS和GLONASS系统的导航性能，美国联邦航空局（FAA）、欧洲和日本提出了三种SBAS：WAAS、EGNOS和MSAS系统。这三种...
星基增强系统（SBAS）
为增强现有GPS和GLONASS系统的导航性能，美国联邦航空局（FAA）、欧洲和日本提出了三种SBAS：WAAS、EGNOS和MSAS系统。这三种SBAS系统的功能大致相同，其特点是：①通过地球静止卫星（GEO）发布包括GPS卫星星历误差改正、卫星钟差改正和电离层改的信息；②通过GEO卫星发播GPS和GEO卫星完整的数据；③GEO卫星的导航载荷发射GPS L1测距信号。这三个系统都正在加紧建设中，WAAS和EGNOS即将全面运行，MSAS将在2005年全面运行。他们建成后，将形成一个全球无缝的导航系统，使用一种GPS导航设备，飞机即可飞遍全球。
我国“北斗一号”导航定位系统
“北斗一号“卫星定位系统是利用地球同步卫星为用户提供快速定位，间断数字报文通信和授时服务的一种全天候，区域性的卫星定位系统。系统的主要功能是：①定位。快速确定用户所在点的地理位置，向用户机主管部门提供导航信息。②通信。用户与用户，用户与中心控制系统间均可实行双向简短数字报文通信。③ 授时。中心控制系统定时播发授时信息，为定时用户提供时延修正值。
“北斗一号“的覆盖范围是在北纬5度～6度，东经70度～140度之间的一个心脏形区域，上大下小，最宽出在北纬35度左右。其定位精度是水平100米（1σ），进行差分后水平精度为20米；高程控制精度为10米，系统能容纳的用户数每小时为540，000户；其定位响应时间为：1类用户<5秒，2类用户<2秒，3类用户<1秒；一次定位成功率为95%。“北斗一号”导航定位系统由于固有的特性，仍存在不足之处：用户采用主动式定位；用户数量有限；定位数据实时性差；生存能力不强，系统的抗干扰性较差；定位依赖数字地图。
“北斗一号”导航定位系统是我国自主建立发展起来的，从卫星的制造到利用运载火箭发射卫星上天，都是我国的航天部门一手打造的。尽管“北斗一号”只有两颗卫星，无法达到美国GPS系统和俄罗斯GLONASS系统的功能，实现不了三维的实时定位，精度和覆盖范围方面也不尽人意，但它毕竟是我国开发自己的卫星导航定位系统的一个尝试。
二、我国发展民用系统产业化的战略
1．瞄准重大应用领域，军民用兼顾，开拓新的经济增长点
导航卫星系统已经是关系到国计民生的一项事业。它在军事、科研、经济和日常生活中发挥着越来越大的作用。
军事上，现代的战争已经脱离了传统的意义，从海湾战争、科索沃战争到伊拉克战争可以看出，现代战争的表现形式是信息战、高科技战。美国及其盟国能以极小的人员伤亡迅速获得战争的胜利，是依靠装备精良的高度信息化武器在GPS系统中自如地调度。在伊拉克战争中，英美联军陆海空交互式协同作战、远程统一指挥、直接纵深目标打击（一开始就针对首都巴格达）、实时捕捉战场信息、远程精确轰炸（实施轰炸的同时巴格达市民仍然能照常活动）等等，将战略、战役和战术融为一体。如果没有以美国的GPS系统为支撑的全球大地测量框架支持，英美联军在伊拉克战场上就会象一盘散沙，步履艰难。
我国虽然一直倡导和平自主，但世界局势变幻莫测，我们不能放松国防建设，很重要的一方面就是建立自主的高精度的卫星导航定位系统。
科研上，卫星导航定位系统也发挥着巨大的作用。全球卫星定位系统目前广泛于监测地球质心、地球自转（极移、日长）及时间变化，建立和维护全球地心坐标参考框架（如ITRF），以及区域性大地测量系统之间的联测，监测全球性板块运动和地球动力学，建立和维护国家地心坐标框架，监测地壳相对运动、确定固体潮参数，联合水准测量技术测量高精度的大地水准面高，电离层和中性大气反演以及气象学研究，卫星跟踪地球重力场和大气探测，以及航天器或地球卫星精密定轨、导航与对接等科学目的。 展开
为增强现有GPS和GLONASS系统的导航性能，美国联邦航空局（FAA）、欧洲和日本提出了三种SBAS：WAAS、EGNOS和MSAS系统。这三种SBAS系统的功能大致相同，其特点是：①通过地球静止卫星（GEO）发布包括GPS卫星星历误差改正、卫星钟差改正和电离层改的信息；②通过GEO卫星发播GPS和GEO卫星完整的数据；③GEO卫星的导航载荷发射GPS L1测距信号。这三个系统都正在加紧建设中，WAAS和EGNOS即将全面运行，MSAS将在2005年全面运行。他们建成后，将形成一个全球无缝的导航系统，使用一种GPS导航设备，飞机即可飞遍全球。
我国“北斗一号”导航定位系统
“北斗一号“卫星定位系统是利用地球同步卫星为用户提供快速定位，间断数字报文通信和授时服务的一种全天候，区域性的卫星定位系统。系统的主要功能是：①定位。快速确定用户所在点的地理位置，向用户机主管部门提供导航信息。②通信。用户与用户，用户与中心控制系统间均可实行双向简短数字报文通信。③ 授时。中心控制系统定时播发授时信息，为定时用户提供时延修正值。
“北斗一号“的覆盖范围是在北纬5度～6度，东经70度～140度之间的一个心脏形区域，上大下小，最宽出在北纬35度左右。其定位精度是水平100米（1σ），进行差分后水平精度为20米；高程控制精度为10米，系统能容纳的用户数每小时为540，000户；其定位响应时间为：1类用户<5秒，2类用户<2秒，3类用户<1秒；一次定位成功率为95%。“北斗一号”导航定位系统由于固有的特性，仍存在不足之处：用户采用主动式定位；用户数量有限；定位数据实时性差；生存能力不强，系统的抗干扰性较差；定位依赖数字地图。
“北斗一号”导航定位系统是我国自主建立发展起来的，从卫星的制造到利用运载火箭发射卫星上天，都是我国的航天部门一手打造的。尽管“北斗一号”只有两颗卫星，无法达到美国GPS系统和俄罗斯GLONASS系统的功能，实现不了三维的实时定位，精度和覆盖范围方面也不尽人意，但它毕竟是我国开发自己的卫星导航定位系统的一个尝试。
二、我国发展民用系统产业化的战略
1．瞄准重大应用领域，军民用兼顾，开拓新的经济增长点
导航卫星系统已经是关系到国计民生的一项事业。它在军事、科研、经济和日常生活中发挥着越来越大的作用。
军事上，现代的战争已经脱离了传统的意义，从海湾战争、科索沃战争到伊拉克战争可以看出，现代战争的表现形式是信息战、高科技战。美国及其盟国能以极小的人员伤亡迅速获得战争的胜利，是依靠装备精良的高度信息化武器在GPS系统中自如地调度。在伊拉克战争中，英美联军陆海空交互式协同作战、远程统一指挥、直接纵深目标打击（一开始就针对首都巴格达）、实时捕捉战场信息、远程精确轰炸（实施轰炸的同时巴格达市民仍然能照常活动）等等，将战略、战役和战术融为一体。如果没有以美国的GPS系统为支撑的全球大地测量框架支持，英美联军在伊拉克战场上就会象一盘散沙，步履艰难。
我国虽然一直倡导和平自主，但世界局势变幻莫测，我们不能放松国防建设，很重要的一方面就是建立自主的高精度的卫星导航定位系统。
科研上，卫星导航定位系统也发挥着巨大的作用。全球卫星定位系统目前广泛于监测地球质心、地球自转（极移、日长）及时间变化，建立和维护全球地心坐标参考框架（如ITRF），以及区域性大地测量系统之间的联测，监测全球性板块运动和地球动力学，建立和维护国家地心坐标框架，监测地壳相对运动、确定固体潮参数，联合水准测量技术测量高精度的大地水准面高，电离层和中性大气反演以及气象学研究，卫星跟踪地球重力场和大气探测，以及航天器或地球卫星精密定轨、导航与对接等科学目的。 展开
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Satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS)
To enhance the existing GPS and GLONASS navigation performance, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), European and Japanese made three SBAS: WAAS, EGNOS and MSAS systems. Three SBAS systems function much the same, which is characterized by: ① through geostationary satellites (GEO), including release to correct GPS satellite ephemeris error, satellite clock error correction and change the ionosphere information; ② broadcast by GPS and GEO satellites GEO satellites complete data; ③ GEO satellite's navigation payload ranging launch GPS L1 signal. These three systems are under construction in, WAAS and EGNOS will be fully running, MSAS will be fully operational in 2005. They completed, will form a seamless global navigation system, using a GPS navigation equipment, aircraft can fly all over the world.
China's "Compass" navigation system
"Compass" satellite positioning systems is the use of geostationary satellites to provide users with fast positioning, continuous digital message communication and timing services to an all-weather, regional satellite positioning system. System's main functions are: ① positioning. Point where the user quickly identify the location, the user machine to the competent authorities to provide navigation information. ② communication. Users and users, and central control systems can be two-way short digital message communication. ③ timing. Central control system regularly broadcast timing information for time delay correction value users.
"Compass" coverage in latitude 5 degrees to 6 degrees, 70 degrees to 140 degrees east longitude between a heart-shaped area on the big small, the widest in the north latitude of 35 degrees. The positioning accuracy is the level of 100 m (1σ), the differential levels of accuracy after 20 meters; height control accuracy of 10 meters, the system can accommodate the number of users per hour to 540,000 households; positioning response time: 1 class User <5 seconds, 2 class User <2 seconds, 3 class User <1 second; a positioning success rate was 95%. "Compass" navigation system due to the inherent characteristics, there are still shortcomings: the user with active positioning; the number of users is limited; poor real-time location data; viability is not strong, anti-jamming system is poor; orientation dependent digital map.
"Compass" navigation system is developed to establish our own, from manufacturing to the use of satellite launch vehicle to launch satellites into space, is China's aerospace sector single-handedly built. Although the "Compass" is only two satellites, the GPS system can not reach the United States and Russian GLONASS system functions, can not achieve real-time three-dimensional positioning accuracy and coverage are also less than satisfactory, but it is after all our country to develop their own satellite navigation positioning system a try.
Second, China's industrial development strategy for civilian systems
1. Targeting major applications, both military and civilian use, opening up new economic growth point
Navigation satellite system is a cause related to people's livelihood. It is in the military, scientific, economic and daily life, playing an increasingly important role.
Military, modern warfare have left the traditional sense, from the Gulf War, Kosovo War to the Iraq war can be seen, the form of modern warfare, information warfare, high-tech warfare. United States and its allies can quickly with minimum casualties to obtain victory, is to rely on highly sophisticated information technology equipment, weapons freely in the GPS system scheduling. In the Iraq war, British and American armed forces work together interactively, remote unified command directly against the target depth (the start for the capital of Baghdad), capture real-time battlefield information, long-range precision bombing (Baghdad bombing, while people still business as usual activities) so, the strategic, operational and tactical integration. Without the support of the U.S. GPS system is a global geodetic framework to support the Anglo-American coalition forces on the battlefield in Iraq will be like a mess, with difficulty.
Although China has always advocated peace and autonomy, but the vagaries of the world situation, we can not relax national defense, very important aspect is the establishment of an autonomous high-precision satellite navigation and positioning system.
Research on satellite navigation systems also play a huge role. GPS is now widely in monitoring the Earth's center of mass, the Earth's rotation (polar motion, length of day) and time to establish and maintain global geocentric reference frame (such as ITRF), and regional linkages between geodetic system measurements, monitoring global geodynamics and plate movement to establish and maintain national geocentric coordinate frame, the relative crustal movement monitoring to determine the tidal parameters, joint leveling techniques to measure high-precision geoid, the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere inversion and meteorological studies, satellite tracking to detect Earth's gravity field and atmosphere, and the spacecraft or Earth satellite precision orbit determination, navigation and docking, and other scientific purposes.
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To enhance the existing GPS and GLONASS navigation performance, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), European and Japanese made three SBAS: WAAS, EGNOS and MSAS systems. Three SBAS systems function much the same, which is characterized by: ① through geostationary satellites (GEO), including release to correct GPS satellite ephemeris error, satellite clock error correction and change the ionosphere information; ② broadcast by GPS and GEO satellites GEO satellites complete data; ③ GEO satellite's navigation payload ranging launch GPS L1 signal. These three systems are under construction in, WAAS and EGNOS will be fully running, MSAS will be fully operational in 2005. They completed, will form a seamless global navigation system, using a GPS navigation equipment, aircraft can fly all over the world.
China's "Compass" navigation system
"Compass" satellite positioning systems is the use of geostationary satellites to provide users with fast positioning, continuous digital message communication and timing services to an all-weather, regional satellite positioning system. System's main functions are: ① positioning. Point where the user quickly identify the location, the user machine to the competent authorities to provide navigation information. ② communication. Users and users, and central control systems can be two-way short digital message communication. ③ timing. Central control system regularly broadcast timing information for time delay correction value users.
"Compass" coverage in latitude 5 degrees to 6 degrees, 70 degrees to 140 degrees east longitude between a heart-shaped area on the big small, the widest in the north latitude of 35 degrees. The positioning accuracy is the level of 100 m (1σ), the differential levels of accuracy after 20 meters; height control accuracy of 10 meters, the system can accommodate the number of users per hour to 540,000 households; positioning response time: 1 class User <5 seconds, 2 class User <2 seconds, 3 class User <1 second; a positioning success rate was 95%. "Compass" navigation system due to the inherent characteristics, there are still shortcomings: the user with active positioning; the number of users is limited; poor real-time location data; viability is not strong, anti-jamming system is poor; orientation dependent digital map.
"Compass" navigation system is developed to establish our own, from manufacturing to the use of satellite launch vehicle to launch satellites into space, is China's aerospace sector single-handedly built. Although the "Compass" is only two satellites, the GPS system can not reach the United States and Russian GLONASS system functions, can not achieve real-time three-dimensional positioning accuracy and coverage are also less than satisfactory, but it is after all our country to develop their own satellite navigation positioning system a try.
Second, China's industrial development strategy for civilian systems
1. Targeting major applications, both military and civilian use, opening up new economic growth point
Navigation satellite system is a cause related to people's livelihood. It is in the military, scientific, economic and daily life, playing an increasingly important role.
Military, modern warfare have left the traditional sense, from the Gulf War, Kosovo War to the Iraq war can be seen, the form of modern warfare, information warfare, high-tech warfare. United States and its allies can quickly with minimum casualties to obtain victory, is to rely on highly sophisticated information technology equipment, weapons freely in the GPS system scheduling. In the Iraq war, British and American armed forces work together interactively, remote unified command directly against the target depth (the start for the capital of Baghdad), capture real-time battlefield information, long-range precision bombing (Baghdad bombing, while people still business as usual activities) so, the strategic, operational and tactical integration. Without the support of the U.S. GPS system is a global geodetic framework to support the Anglo-American coalition forces on the battlefield in Iraq will be like a mess, with difficulty.
Although China has always advocated peace and autonomy, but the vagaries of the world situation, we can not relax national defense, very important aspect is the establishment of an autonomous high-precision satellite navigation and positioning system.
Research on satellite navigation systems also play a huge role. GPS is now widely in monitoring the Earth's center of mass, the Earth's rotation (polar motion, length of day) and time to establish and maintain global geocentric reference frame (such as ITRF), and regional linkages between geodetic system measurements, monitoring global geodynamics and plate movement to establish and maintain national geocentric coordinate frame, the relative crustal movement monitoring to determine the tidal parameters, joint leveling techniques to measure high-precision geoid, the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere inversion and meteorological studies, satellite tracking to detect Earth's gravity field and atmosphere, and the spacecraft or Earth satellite precision orbit determination, navigation and docking, and other scientific purposes.
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Satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS)
To enhance the existing GPS and GLONASS navigation performance, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), European and Japanese made three SBAS: WAAS, EGNOS and MSAS systems. Three SBAS systems function much the same, which is characterized by: ① through geostationary satellites (GEO), including release to correct GPS satellite ephemeris error, satellite clock error correction and change the ionosphere information; ② broadcast by GPS and GEO satellites GEO satellites complete data; ③ GEO satellite's navigation payload ranging launch GPS L1 signal. These three systems are under construction in, WAAS and EGNOS will be fully running, MSAS will be fully operational in 2005. They completed, will form a seamless global navigation system, using a GPS navigation equipment, aircraft can fly all over the world.
China's "Compass" navigation system
"Compass" satellite positioning systems is the use of geostationary satellites to provide users with fast positioning, continuous digital message communication and timing services to an all-weather, regional satellite positioning system. System's main functions are: ① positioning. Point where the user quickly identify the location, the user machine to the competent authorities to provide navigation information. ② communication. Users and users, and central control systems can be two-way short digital message communication. ③ timing. Central control system regularly broadcast timing information for time delay correction value users.
"Compass" coverage in latitude 5 degrees to 6 degrees, 70 degrees to 140 degrees east longitude between a heart-shaped area on the big small, the widest in the north latitude of 35 degrees. The positioning accuracy is the level of 100 m (1σ), the differential levels of accuracy after 20 meters; height control accuracy of 10 meters, the system can accommodate the number of users per hour to 540,000 households; positioning response time: 1 class User <5 seconds, 2 class User <2 seconds, 3 class User <1 second; a positioning success rate was 95%. "Compass" navigation system due to the inherent characteristics, there are still shortcomings: the user with active positioning; the number of users is limited; poor real-time location data; viability is not strong, anti-jamming system is poor; orientation dependent digital map.
"Compass" navigation system is developed to establish our own, from manufacturing to the use of satellite launch vehicle to launch satellites into space, is China's aerospace sector single-handedly built. Although the "Compass" is only two satellites, the GPS system can not reach the United States and Russian GLONASS system functions, can not achieve real-time three-dimensional positioning accuracy and coverage are also less than satisfactory, but it is after all our country to develop their own satellite navigation positioning system a try.
Second, China's industrial development strategy for civilian systems
1. Targeting major applications, both military and civilian use, opening up new economic growth point
Navigation satellite system is a cause related to people's livelihood. It is in the military, scientific, economic and daily life, playing an increasingly important role.
Military, modern warfare have left the traditional sense, from the Gulf War, Kosovo War to the Iraq war can be seen, the form of modern warfare, information warfare, high-tech warfare. United States and its allies can quickly with minimum casualties to obtain victory, is to rely on highly sophisticated information technology equipment, weapons freely in the GPS system scheduling. In the Iraq war, British and American armed forces work together interactively, remote unified command directly against the target depth (the start for the capital of Baghdad), capture real-time battlefield information, long-range precision bombing (Baghdad bombing, while people still business as usual activities) so, the strategic, operational and tactical integration. Without the support of the U.S. GPS system is a global geodetic framework to support the Anglo-American coalition forces on the battlefield in Iraq will be like a mess, with difficulty.
Although China has always advocated peace and autonomy, but the vagaries of the world situation, we can not relax national defense, very important aspect is the establishment of an autonomous high-precision satellite navigation and positioning system.
Research on satellite navigation systems also play a huge role. GPS is now widely in monitoring the Earth's center of mass, the Earth's rotation (polar motion, length of day) and time to establish and maintain global geocentric reference frame (such as ITRF), and regional linkages between geodetic system measurements, monitoring global geodynamics and plate movement to establish and maintain national geocentric coordinate frame, the relative crustal movement monitoring to determine the tidal parameters, joint leveling techniques to measure high-precision geoid, the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere inversion and meteorological studies, satellite tracking to detect Earth's gravity field and atmosphere, and the spacecraft or Earth satellite precision orbit determination, navigation and docking, and other scientific purposes.
Input has reached the length limit
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Insert picture delete picture inserted into the video the video map map map remove
To enhance the existing GPS and GLONASS navigation performance, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), European and Japanese made three SBAS: WAAS, EGNOS and MSAS systems. Three SBAS systems function much the same, which is characterized by: ① through geostationary satellites (GEO), including release to correct GPS satellite ephemeris error, satellite clock error correction and change the ionosphere information; ② broadcast by GPS and GEO satellites GEO satellites complete data; ③ GEO satellite's navigation payload ranging launch GPS L1 signal. These three systems are under construction in, WAAS and EGNOS will be fully running, MSAS will be fully operational in 2005. They completed, will form a seamless global navigation system, using a GPS navigation equipment, aircraft can fly all over the world.
China's "Compass" navigation system
"Compass" satellite positioning systems is the use of geostationary satellites to provide users with fast positioning, continuous digital message communication and timing services to an all-weather, regional satellite positioning system. System's main functions are: ① positioning. Point where the user quickly identify the location, the user machine to the competent authorities to provide navigation information. ② communication. Users and users, and central control systems can be two-way short digital message communication. ③ timing. Central control system regularly broadcast timing information for time delay correction value users.
"Compass" coverage in latitude 5 degrees to 6 degrees, 70 degrees to 140 degrees east longitude between a heart-shaped area on the big small, the widest in the north latitude of 35 degrees. The positioning accuracy is the level of 100 m (1σ), the differential levels of accuracy after 20 meters; height control accuracy of 10 meters, the system can accommodate the number of users per hour to 540,000 households; positioning response time: 1 class User <5 seconds, 2 class User <2 seconds, 3 class User <1 second; a positioning success rate was 95%. "Compass" navigation system due to the inherent characteristics, there are still shortcomings: the user with active positioning; the number of users is limited; poor real-time location data; viability is not strong, anti-jamming system is poor; orientation dependent digital map.
"Compass" navigation system is developed to establish our own, from manufacturing to the use of satellite launch vehicle to launch satellites into space, is China's aerospace sector single-handedly built. Although the "Compass" is only two satellites, the GPS system can not reach the United States and Russian GLONASS system functions, can not achieve real-time three-dimensional positioning accuracy and coverage are also less than satisfactory, but it is after all our country to develop their own satellite navigation positioning system a try.
Second, China's industrial development strategy for civilian systems
1. Targeting major applications, both military and civilian use, opening up new economic growth point
Navigation satellite system is a cause related to people's livelihood. It is in the military, scientific, economic and daily life, playing an increasingly important role.
Military, modern warfare have left the traditional sense, from the Gulf War, Kosovo War to the Iraq war can be seen, the form of modern warfare, information warfare, high-tech warfare. United States and its allies can quickly with minimum casualties to obtain victory, is to rely on highly sophisticated information technology equipment, weapons freely in the GPS system scheduling. In the Iraq war, British and American armed forces work together interactively, remote unified command directly against the target depth (the start for the capital of Baghdad), capture real-time battlefield information, long-range precision bombing (Baghdad bombing, while people still business as usual activities) so, the strategic, operational and tactical integration. Without the support of the U.S. GPS system is a global geodetic framework to support the Anglo-American coalition forces on the battlefield in Iraq will be like a mess, with difficulty.
Although China has always advocated peace and autonomy, but the vagaries of the world situation, we can not relax national defense, very important aspect is the establishment of an autonomous high-precision satellite navigation and positioning system.
Research on satellite navigation systems also play a huge role. GPS is now widely in monitoring the Earth's center of mass, the Earth's rotation (polar motion, length of day) and time to establish and maintain global geocentric reference frame (such as ITRF), and regional linkages between geodetic system measurements, monitoring global geodynamics and plate movement to establish and maintain national geocentric coordinate frame, the relative crustal movement monitoring to determine the tidal parameters, joint leveling techniques to measure high-precision geoid, the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere inversion and meteorological studies, satellite tracking to detect Earth's gravity field and atmosphere, and the spacecraft or Earth satellite precision orbit determination, navigation and docking, and other scientific purposes.
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